{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T12:58:43Z","timestamp":1775134723623,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) is a digitally driven construction process that enables automated, formwork-free fabrication of intricate concrete geometries with high precision and minimal material waste. However, inline reinforcement integration remains a major challenge, often limiting bond strength and overall structural performance. This study introduces a novel nozzle design equipped with trowels that actively compact the concrete matrix during inline cable reinforcement, effectively minimizing voids and improving mechanical behavior. A dual-channel coextrusion system was developed to deposit cementitious material and steel cable simultaneously, while the trowels ensure radial compaction around the embedded reinforcement. Experimental investigations were conducted using three nozzle diameters (D1: 20\u2005mm, D2: 22.5\u2005mm, and D3: 25\u2005mm) and three cable sizes (C1: 1.0\u2005mm, C2: 1.2\u2005mm, and C3: 1.5\u2005mm). Results from pullout, split tensile, and three-point bending tests showed that the smallest nozzle (D1) consistently provided enhanced cable bond strength and flexural performance across all cables. Cable C3 (1.5\u2005mm diameter), along with Nozzle D1, achieved bond strengths up to 17\u2005MPa (73% of cast specimen); flexural moment was enhanced by about 40% for Cable C3. It also improved the interlayer bond strength (90% of cast specimen) for D1. Digital image correlation analysis confirmed uniform strain distribution and controlled crack propagation for Nozzle D1. This work establishes the effectiveness of a nozzle attached to a trowel in mitigating voids around the cable and improving interfacial adhesion between the cable and concrete in 3DCP. It lays the foundation for future parametric optimization of trowel geometry and extrusion parameters and opens avenues for microstructural investigations at the concrete\u2013steel interface to further advance digitally fabricated structural systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09544089261436532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T05:53:21Z","timestamp":1774850001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental study on void reduction and bonding behavior in 3D concrete printing with a trowel-integrated nozzle"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3133-3866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shubham","family":"Maurya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3563-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biranchi","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati"},{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7325-1618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uday Shanker","family":"Dixit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati"},{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2017.1326724"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"F2792 Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies. https:\/\/store.astm.org\/f2792-12.html (accessed 12 February 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56127-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2023.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-5217-3_39"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-024-00896-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15101721"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGee W Ng TY Yu K et al. Extrusion nozzle shaping for improved 3DP of engineered cementitious composites (ECC\/SHCC). In: Bos FP Lucas SS Wolfs RJM et al. (eds) Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication. Cham: Springer International Publishing pp. 916\u2013925.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49916-7_89"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10111314"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2023.04.092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He L. Study of printing parameters and optimization of nozzle designs for cement paste 3D printing (CP3DP). Nanyang Technological University. Epub ahead of print 2021. 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