{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:51:20Z","timestamp":1777927880862,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]],"date-time":"2015-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425254400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Railway track degrades more quickly in the transition zones between embankments and bridges, mostly due to the development of settlements in the backfill. This amplifies the dynamic train\/track interaction forces and accelerates the deterioration of the components of both the track and the vehicles. Consequently, it induces additional maintenance costs, reduces passenger comfort and, ultimately, it may affect train safety at transition zones. To address this problem and to obtain more insight into the influence of the settlement profiles of the backfill in the train\/track system, nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed using a transition zone model to simulate different settlement profiles of the backfill. In some cases, the results showed significant amplifications of axle accelerations and loads. In general, the greater the number of hanging sleepers and their gap sizes, the higher the vertical accelerations of the sleepers and the larger the vertical contact forces between the sleepers and the ballast layer. Settlement profiles associated with backfills with a wedge shape seem to limit these negative aspects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954409715573289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]],"date-time":"2015-03-03T20:12:30Z","timestamp":1425413550000},"page":"866-878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["A numerical study on the influence of backfill settlements in the train\/track interaction at transition zones to railway bridges"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"230","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Paix\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Transportation Department, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transportation Department, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Cal\u00e7ada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Porto - Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0954409715573289","unstructured":"European Rail Research Institute.\n                      Bridge ends - embankment structure transition, state of art\n                      . 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Washington DC: Transportation Research Board."},{"key":"bibr3-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:11(1392)"},{"key":"bibr4-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3208\/sandf.50.817"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr5-0954409715573289","first-page":"205","volume":"165","author":"Banimahd M","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Inst Civ Eng Transp"},{"key":"bibr6-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954409712471610"},{"key":"bibr7-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954409713499016"},{"key":"bibr8-0954409715573289","unstructured":"Nicks JE.\n                      The bump at the end of the railway bridge\n                      . PhD Thesis, Texas A&M University, USA, 2009."},{"key":"bibr9-0954409715573289","unstructured":"Schooleman R.\n                      Overgang kunstwerk-aardebaan voor de hoge-snelheidslijn\n                      . MSc Thesis, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands, 1996."},{"key":"bibr10-0954409715573289","author":"Alves Ribeiro C","year":"2014","journal-title":"Struct Infrastruct Engng"},{"key":"bibr11-0954409715573289","unstructured":"Costa D'Aguiar S, Arlaud E, Potvin R, et al. Railway transitional zones: the challenges of very high speeds. In:\n                      The World congress on railway research\n                      , Sydney, Australia, 25\u201328 November 2013, p.8. Sydney: Informa."},{"key":"bibr12-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4203\/ijrt.2.4.3"},{"key":"bibr13-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2014.09.024"},{"key":"bibr14-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15732479.2013.850730"},{"key":"bibr15-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1680\/ibafattttlp.35416"},{"key":"bibr16-0954409715573289","unstructured":"Kempfert H-G and Stadel M. Geotechnische konstruktionen am \u00fcbergang br\u00fccke-erdbauwerk. In:\n                      Vortrge der Baugrundtagung 2000\n                      , Hannover, Germany, 18\u201321 September 2000, pp. 295\u2013301."},{"key":"bibr17-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luomala H and Nurmikolu A. Railway track stiffness measurements at bridge transition zones. In:\n                      Advances in transportation geotechnics II\n                      (eds S Miura, T Ishikawa, N Yoshida, et al.), Hokkaido, Japan, 10-12 September 2012, pp. 811-816. London, UK: Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/b12754-125"},{"key":"bibr18-0954409715573289","unstructured":"Abu-Farsakh MY and Chen Q. Field demonstration of new bridge approach slab designs and performance. Report, Louisiana Transportation Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 2014."},{"key":"bibr19-0954409715573289","unstructured":"Alves Ribeiro C. Transi\u00e7\u00f3es aterro-estrutura em linhas ferrovi\u00e1rias de alta velocidade: an\u00e1lise experimental e num\u00e9rica. PhD Thesis, University of Porto, Portugal, 2012."},{"key":"bibr20-0954409715573289","unstructured":"Paix\u00e1o A. Transition zones in railway tracks: an experimental and numerical study on the structural behaviour. PhD Thesis, University of Porto, Portugal, 2014."},{"key":"bibr21-0954409715573289","unstructured":"ANSYS. Release 13 documentation for ANSYS, 2011."},{"key":"bibr22-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09544097JRRT389"},{"key":"bibr23-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/JMCEA3.0002285"},{"key":"bibr24-0954409715573289","unstructured":"Varandas JN, Paix\u00e3o A, Fortunato E, et al. Non-linear elastic behaviour of unbound aggregates in FEM representing railway transition zones. In:\n                      Railways 2014, the second international conference on railway technology: research, development and maintenance\n                      , (ed. J Pombo), Ajaccio, Corsica, France, 8\u201311 April 2014, Paper 228. Stirlingshire, UK: Civil-Comp Press."},{"key":"bibr25-0954409715573289","unstructured":"Paix\u00e3o A and Fortunato E. Rail track structural analysis using three-dimensional numerical models. In:\n                      The 7th European conference on numerical methods in geotechnical engineering\n                      . (eds T Benz and S Nordal), Trondheim, Norway, 2\u20134 June 2010, pp.575\u2013580. London: CRC Press."},{"key":"bibr26-0954409715573289","unstructured":"Varandas JN.\n                      Long-term behaviour of railway transitions under dynamic loading\n                      . PhD Thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal, 2013."},{"key":"bibr27-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00423114.2013.778416"},{"key":"bibr28-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001580050147"},{"key":"bibr29-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00423114.2010.524303"},{"key":"bibr30-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2007.08.006"},{"key":"bibr31-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954409713495016"},{"key":"bibr32-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/095440905X8790"},{"key":"bibr33-0954409715573289","unstructured":"EN1990: 2005. Eurocode: basis of structural design. Annex A2: Application for bridges."},{"key":"bibr34-0954409715573289","unstructured":"Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias.\n                      Pliego de condiciones tecnicas para el premantenimiento de infraestructura, v\u00eda y desvios de alta velocidad del tramo Albacete-Alicante\n                      . Madrid: Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias, 2012."},{"key":"bibr35-0954409715573289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.594"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0954409715573289","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0954409715573289","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0954409715573289","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:55:38Z","timestamp":1777676138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0954409715573289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0954409715573289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0954409715573289","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4097","2041-3017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4097","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3017","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]]}}}