{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:24:05Z","timestamp":1777926245605,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]],"date-time":"2016-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The main specification in the verification by testing of space hardware vulnerability to shock excitations is the shock response spectrum. Although it compiles the most relevant information needed to describe the overall shock environment characteristics, shock testing still poses various difficulties and uncertainties concerning the suitability and operation of the shock test system used, and the adequate definition of the underlying test parameters. The approach followed from the interpretation of typical shock testing specifications to the development, validation, and characterization of the developed shock test system, including the definition and design of the relevant parameters influencing the attained shock environment, is described in this paper. The shock testing method here presented consists of a pendular in-plane resonant mono-plate shock test apparatus where the structural response of the ringing plate depends upon well-defined controllable parameters (e.g. impact velocity, striker shape, mass, and contact stiffness), which are parametrically determined to achieve the target shock environment specification. The concept and analytical model of two impacting bodies are used in a preliminary analysis to perform a rigid body motion analysis and contact assessment. A detailed finite element model is developed for the definition of the ringing plate dimensions, analysis of the plate dynamics and virtual shock testing. The assembled experimental apparatus is described and a test campaign is undertaken in order to properly characterize and assess the design and test parameters of the system. The developed shock test apparatus and corresponding finite element model are experimentally verified and validated. As a result of this study, a reliable finite element modeling methodology available for future shock test simulation and prediction of the experimental results was created, being an important tool for the adjustment of the shock test input parameters for future works. The developed shock test system was well characterized and is readily available to be used for shock testing of space equipment with varying specifications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954410016648998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,22]],"date-time":"2016-05-22T18:28:55Z","timestamp":1463941735000},"page":"1154-1167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Shock environment design for space equipment testing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"OMF","family":"Morais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"HPS Portugal, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"CMA","family":"Vasques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CMEMS, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"DEM\/ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0954410016648998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2011.05.003"},{"key":"bibr2-0954410016648998","unstructured":"Sutra M, Mesnier D, Berlioz A, et\u00a0al. Development of a simulation process of the behavior of space equipment subjected to pyrotechnic shocks, based on characterization and development tests. In:\n                      European conference on spacecraft structures, material & mechanical testing\n                      . European Space Agency, Noordwijk, NL: ESA Publications Division, ESTEC, ESA SP-581, September 2005."},{"key":"bibr3-0954410016648998","volume-title":"ESA mechanical shock design and verification handbook (ESSB-HB-E-005)","author":"Kiryenko S","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr4-0954410016648998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954410013519592"},{"key":"bibr5-0954410016648998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2011.12.011"},{"key":"bibr6-0954410016648998","volume-title":"Mechanical vibration and shock analysis: Mechanical shock","author":"Lalanne C","year":"2010","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr7-0954410016648998","unstructured":"Smallwood DO. An improved recursive formula for calculating Shock Response Spectra. In:\n                      Shock and vibration bulletin: Proceedings of the 51st symposium on shock and vibration\n                      , San Diego, CA, USA, 1980, pp.211\u2013217."},{"key":"bibr8-0954410016648998","first-page":"66","volume":"16","author":"Tuma J","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Montan Slov"},{"key":"bibr9-0954410016648998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2009.07.010"},{"key":"bibr10-0954410016648998","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization.\n                      Mechanical vibration and shock\u2009-\u2009Signal processing\u2009-\u2009Part 4: Shock response spectrum analysis\n                      . ISO 18431-4, 2007."},{"key":"bibr11-0954410016648998","volume-title":"Spacecraft structures","author":"Wijker JJ","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr12-0954410016648998","volume-title":"Harris\u2019 shock and vibration handbook","author":"Piersol AG","year":"2010","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr13-0954410016648998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sung DK. Modeling and analysis of a nonlinear elastomer impact model with damping mechanism. In:\n                      International conference on industrial electronics, control and instrumentation (IECON\u201991)\n                      , vol. 1, Kobe, Japan, 1991, pp.609\u2013612.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.1991.239217"},{"key":"bibr14-0954410016648998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2010.09.005"},{"key":"bibr15-0954410016648998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-011-1027-2"},{"key":"bibr16-0954410016648998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2007.04.035"},{"key":"bibr17-0954410016648998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2012.02.024"},{"key":"bibr18-0954410016648998","unstructured":"Lacher A, J\u00fcngel N, von Wagner U, et\u00a0al. Analytical prediction and optimization of far-field pyroshock test procedures. In:\n                      12th European conference on space structures, materials & environmental testing.\n                      European Space Agency. Noordwijk, NL: ESA Publications Division, ESTEC, ESA SP-691, July 2012, 2012."},{"key":"bibr19-0954410016648998","unstructured":"Kiryenko S, Piret G and Kasper J. ESA\/ESTEC shock bench presentation. In:\n                      European conference on spacecraft structures, materials & mechanical testing\n                      . European Space Agency. Noordwijk, NL: ESA Publications Division, ESTEC, ESA SP-581, September 2005, 2005."},{"key":"bibr20-0954410016648998","unstructured":"Siam N.\n                      Development of an efficient analysis method for prediction and structural dimensioning of space structures subjected to shock loading\n                      . MSc Thesis, School of Engineering, Cranfield University, UK, 2010."},{"key":"bibr21-0954410016648998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6546-1_55"},{"key":"bibr22-0954410016648998","volume-title":"Formulas for mechanical and structural shock and impact","author":"Szuladzinski G","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr23-0954410016648998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2012.03.020"},{"key":"bibr24-0954410016648998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-460X(02)01028-3"},{"key":"bibr25-0954410016648998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2011.2118204"},{"key":"bibr26-0954410016648998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0523-8"},{"key":"bibr27-0954410016648998","unstructured":"Abaqus 6.12\n                      . Providence, RI: Dassault Syst\u00e8mes Simulia Corp., 2012."},{"key":"bibr28-0954410016648998","volume-title":"Space engineering: Modal survey assessment (ECSS-E-ST-32-11C)","author":"Agency ES","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr29-0954410016648998","volume-title":"Dynamics of structures","author":"Clough RW","year":"2003","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr30-0954410016648998","first-page":"11","volume":"8","author":"Chowdhury I","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electron J Geotech Eng"},{"key":"bibr31-0954410016648998","unstructured":"Irvine T. http:\/\/vibrationdata.wordpress.com\/2012\/02\/11\/shock-response-spectrum (accessed 3 June 2013)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0954410016648998","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0954410016648998","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0954410016648998","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:07:55Z","timestamp":1777673275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0954410016648998"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0954410016648998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0954410016648998","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4100","2041-3025"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4100","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3025","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]}}}