{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T14:34:41Z","timestamp":1768401281018,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,5]],"date-time":"2017-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483574400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"SKELGEN project \u2013 Establishment of a cross continent consortium for enhancing regenerative medicine in skeletal tissues","award":["Project reference: 318553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project reference: 318553"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bone tissue engineering is strongly dependent on the use of three-dimensional scaffolds that can act as templates to accommodate cells and support tissue ingrowth. Despite its wide application in tissue engineering research, polycaprolactone presents a very limited ability to induce adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic cell differentiation. To overcome some of these limitations, different calcium phosphates, such as hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate, have been employed with relative success. This work investigates the influence of nano-hydroxyapatite and micro-hydroxyapatite (nHA and mHA, respectively) particles on the in vitro biomechanical performance of polycaprolactone\/hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Morphological analysis performed with scanning electron microscopy allowed us to confirm the production of polycaprolactone\/hydroxyapatite constructs with square interconnected pores of approximately 350\u2009\u00b5m and to assess the distribution of hydroxyapatite particles within the polymer matrix. Compression mechanical tests showed an increase in polycaprolactone compressive modulus (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) from 105.5\u2009\u00b1\u200911.2 to 138.8\u2009\u00b1\u200912.9\u2009MPa (PCL_nHA) and 217.2\u2009\u00b1\u200921.8\u2009MPa (PCL_mHA). In comparison to PCL_mHA scaffolds, the addition of nano-hydroxyapatite enhanced the adhesion and viability of human mesenchymal stem cells as confirmed by Alamar Blue assay. In addition, after 14\u2009days of incubation, PCL_nHA scaffolds showed higher levels of alkaline phosphatase activity compared to polycaprolactone or PCL_mHA structures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411916680236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,7]],"date-time":"2017-01-07T10:34:24Z","timestamp":1483785264000},"page":"555-564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Three-dimensional printed bone scaffolds: The role of nano\/micro-hydroxyapatite particles on the adhesion and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Domingos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gloria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMUC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Bartolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Ciurana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-9-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2010.01224.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"541","volume-title":"Bone engineering","author":"Yaszemski MJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yaszemski MJ, Oldham JB, Lu L, . Clinical needs for bone tissue engineering technology. In: Davies JE (ed.) Bone engineering. Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto, 2000, pp.541\u2013547."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.1277"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00140-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2002.6519"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/79449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199903000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"577","volume-title":"Bone engineering","author":"Williams DF","year":"2000","unstructured":"Williams DF. Perspectives on the contributions of biomaterials and tissue engineering to bone repair, reconstruction and regeneration. In: Davies JE (ed.) Bone engineering. 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