{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:12:18Z","timestamp":1791324738546,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]],"date-time":"2018-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010536","name":"Walton Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014-1057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-1057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010536","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31HD086957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31HD086957"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Children\u2019s early language exposure impacts their later linguistic skills, cognitive abilities, and academic achievement, and large disparities in language exposure are associated with family socioeconomic status (SES). However, there is little evidence about the neural mechanisms underlying the relation between language experience and linguistic and cognitive development. Here, language experience was measured from home audio recordings of 36 SES-diverse 4- to 6-year-old children. During a story-listening functional MRI task, children who had experienced more conversational turns with adults\u2014independently of SES, IQ, and adult-child utterances alone\u2014exhibited greater left inferior frontal (Broca\u2019s area) activation, which significantly explained the relation between children\u2019s language exposure and verbal skill. This is the first evidence directly relating children\u2019s language environments with neural language processing, specifying both an environmental and a neural mechanism underlying SES disparities in children\u2019s language skills. Furthermore, results suggest that conversational experience impacts neural language processing over and above SES or the sheer quantity of words heard.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617742725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]],"date-time":"2018-02-14T12:02:17Z","timestamp":1518609737000},"page":"700-710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":627,"title":["Beyond the 30-Million-Word Gap: Children\u2019s Conversational Exposure Is Associated With Language-Related Brain Function"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0315-4385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel R.","family":"Romeo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University"},{"name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia A.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney T.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin R.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allyson P.","family":"Mackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith L.","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D. E.","family":"Gabrieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"name":"Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470147658.chpsy0114"},{"key":"bibr2-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4405(02)00090-0"},{"key":"bibr3-0956797617742725","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test","author":"Dunn L. M.","year":"2007","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr4-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.08.034"},{"key":"bibr5-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.09.011"},{"key":"bibr6-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021"},{"key":"bibr7-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2016.10.004"},{"key":"bibr8-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_AJSLP-15-0169"},{"key":"bibr9-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2011.00013"},{"key":"bibr10-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.07.013"},{"key":"bibr11-0956797617742725","volume-title":"Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children","author":"Hart B.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr12-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615581493"},{"key":"bibr13-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2005.11.002"},{"key":"bibr14-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042486"},{"key":"bibr15-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015"},{"key":"bibr16-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2007.00572.x"},{"key":"bibr17-0956797617742725","first-page":"15","volume":"54","author":"Leech K. A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"bibr18-0956797617742725","first-page":"1309","volume":"46","author":"Levine S. C.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"bibr19-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.10.010"},{"key":"bibr20-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615572233"},{"key":"bibr21-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12725"},{"key":"bibr22-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21303"},{"key":"bibr23-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2012.01147.x"},{"key":"bibr24-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00542.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr25-0956797617742725","first-page":"10","volume":"10","author":"Perkins S. C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"bibr26-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/lle19.4.119"},{"key":"bibr27-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.01.021"},{"key":"bibr28-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12172"},{"key":"bibr29-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00674.x"},{"key":"bibr30-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2011\/10-0055)"},{"key":"bibr31-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01614.x"},{"key":"bibr32-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12166"},{"key":"bibr33-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000907008343"},{"key":"bibr34-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2012.01805.x"},{"key":"bibr35-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327922par0503_3"},{"key":"bibr36-0956797617742725","first-page":"1455","volume":"101","author":"Ryan J. E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Georgetown Law Journal"},{"key":"bibr37-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710001335"},{"key":"bibr38-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035744"},{"key":"bibr39-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12456"},{"key":"bibr40-0956797617742725","volume-title":"Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2012","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr41-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613488145"},{"key":"bibr42-0956797617742725","volume-title":"Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals","author":"Wiig E. H.","year":"2013","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr43-0956797617742725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2267"}],"container-title":["Psychological Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956797617742725","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0956797617742725","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956797617742725","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:30:23Z","timestamp":1777671023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0956797617742725"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0956797617742725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797617742725","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.732662029.793542710","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0956-7976","1467-9280"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-7976","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9280","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]]}}}