{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:05:19Z","timestamp":1772165119387,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["538466518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["538466518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In seven studies, we investigated how reporting partial vote counts influences perceptions of election legitimacy. Beliefs in election fraud, as in the 2020 U.S. presidential election, may be fueled by the\n                    <jats:italic>cumulative redundancy bias<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CRB), which skews perceptions toward early leaders in partial vote counts. In line with this prediction, participants (Prolific adult participants from the United States and the United Kingdom) consistently rated early leaders more favorably and were more likely to suspect fraud when the eventual winner gained a late lead. This effect persisted across simulated elections (Studies 1\u20133) and real-world vote counts from the 2020 election in Georgia (Study 4). It is important to note that fraud suspicions already arose before the count was completed (Study 5) and persisted despite explanatory interventions (Study 6). Partisanship did not eliminate the CRB\u2019s influence on fraud beliefs (Study 7). Our findings suggest that the sequential reporting of vote counts may amplify false perceptions of election fraud and could be mitigated by revising how results are communicated.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976251355594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T17:23:27Z","timestamp":1753377807000},"page":"676-688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cStop the Count!\u201d\u2014How Reporting Partial Election Results Fuels Beliefs in Election Fraud"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3352-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Vaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2124-0754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moritz","family":"Ingendahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5087-4919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Psychological Science (CICPSI), Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves H. 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Voters distrust delayed election results but a prebunking message inoculates against distrust. PNAS Nexus 3(10) Article pgae414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae414","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae414"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sances M. W. Stewart C. (2015). Partisanship and confidence in the vote count: Evidence from U.S. national elections since 2000. Electoral Studies 40 176\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electstud.2015.08.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2015.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinclair B. Smith S. S. Tucker P. D. (2018). \u201cIt\u2019s largely a rigged system\u201d: Voter confidence and the winner effect in 2016. Political Research Quarterly 71(4) 854\u2013868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1065912918768006","DOI":"10.1177\/1065912918768006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","unstructured":"Trump D. J. (2020a). 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