{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:32:59Z","timestamp":1777674779503,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]],"date-time":"2016-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Holocene"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present the first multi-site study of dinoflagellate cyst records spanning ca. AD 1860\u20132000 from the west Iberian coast. Our aim was to reconstruct environmental changes in the Western Iberia Upwelling Ecosystem, one of the most biologically productive areas in the world, and an active fishery region. A major shift in cyst assemblages was recorded off the northwestern shelf sector between 1920 and 1950 towards autotrophic dominance, and consisted of a multi-fold increase in total cyst concentrations and cysts of Lingulodinium polyedrum, accompanied by an increase in Protoceratium reticulatum cysts. The observed changes pre-date the industrialization of agriculture in Portugal, and are concomitant with a shift in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) towards negative indices (higher river input) and increasing sea-surface temperatures. The southernmost record, with reduced river- and human influence, showed only minor changes during the 20th century. Here, an increase in Protoperidinioid cysts after the 1980s is related to upwelling intensification. Our study indicates that the main changes recorded in the Western Iberian Upwelling system during the 20th century were driven by regional climate variability (warming, increased water stability and nutrient availability), possibly enhanced by anthropogenic nutrient input from the second half of the century. Our results highlight the complexity of the environmental drivers that may act upon dinoflagellate communities within the same region. The 20th-century environmental change in the Western Iberian Ecosystem has resulted in a shift towards marked autotrophic dominance of dinoflagellate cyst communities, and the northward expansion of species associated with Harmful Algal Blooms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683615622548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]],"date-time":"2016-01-13T23:17:30Z","timestamp":1452727050000},"page":"874-889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Environmental change in the Western Iberia Upwelling Ecosystem since the preindustrial period revealed by dinoflagellate cyst records"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Denmark"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Geologia Marinha, Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Ellegaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (PLEN), University of Copenhagen, Denmark"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2004.04.009"},{"key":"bibr2-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/cr01010"},{"key":"bibr3-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2007.04.016"},{"key":"bibr4-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2989\/18142320609504146"},{"key":"bibr5-0959683615622548","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Harmful Algae 2002","author":"Amorim A","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr6-0959683615622548","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Harmful Algal Blooms 2000","author":"Amorim A","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr7-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.1999.0480"},{"key":"bibr8-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.247.4939.198"},{"issue":"128","key":"bibr9-0959683615622548","first-page":"907","volume":"29","author":"Baptista FO","year":"1994","journal-title":"An\u00e1lise Social"},{"key":"bibr10-0959683615622548","unstructured":"Barreto A (2000) A situacao social em Portugal 1960\u20131999, vol. II. Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciencias Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa."},{"key":"bibr11-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1996.tb04521.x"},{"key":"bibr12-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-1784(02)01191-X"},{"key":"bibr13-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2014.09.022"},{"key":"bibr14-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marmicro.2013.03.007"},{"key":"bibr15-0959683615622548","first-page":"1249","volume-title":"Palynology: Principles and Applications","volume":"3","author":"Dale B","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr16-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2008.06.007"},{"key":"bibr17-0959683615622548","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Quaternary Environmental Micropaleontology","author":"Dale B","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr18-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-78737-9_22"},{"key":"bibr19-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.1999.0427"},{"key":"bibr20-0959683615622548","first-page":"16","volume":"3","author":"de Vernal A","year":"1996","journal-title":"Les cahiers du GEOTOP"},{"key":"bibr21-0959683615622548","unstructured":"Dias JMA (1987) Din\u00e1mica sedimentar e evolu\u00e7\u00e3o recente da plataforma continental Portuguesa setentrional. PhD Thesis, Department of Geologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 384 pp."},{"key":"bibr22-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6611(02)00009-5"},{"key":"bibr23-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150369"},{"key":"bibr24-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2006.03.013"},{"key":"bibr25-0959683615622548","unstructured":"Fi\u00faza AFG (1984) Hidrologia e din\u00e1mica das \u00e1guas costeiras de Portugal. PhD Thesis, University of Lisbon, 294p."},{"key":"bibr26-0959683615622548","unstructured":"GEOHAB (2006) Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms, Harmful Algal Blooms in Eutrophic Systems (ed Glibert P) Paris and Baltimore, MD: IOC and SCOR, 74 pp."},{"key":"bibr27-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps238249"},{"key":"bibr28-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-3004(87)90022-7"},{"key":"bibr29-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2013.09.006"},{"key":"bibr30-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-6667(03)00116-7"},{"key":"bibr31-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.02.030"},{"key":"bibr32-0959683615622548","first-page":"1197","volume-title":"Palynology: Principles and Applications","volume":"3","author":"Head MJ","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr33-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016756807003780"},{"key":"bibr34-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revpalbo.2009.10.005"},{"key":"bibr35-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02179825"},{"key":"bibr36-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.269.5224.676"},{"key":"bibr37-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003RG000143."},{"key":"bibr38-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3800\/pbr.1.183"},{"key":"bibr39-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-009-9212-6"},{"key":"bibr40-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2010.09.002"},{"key":"bibr41-0959683615622548","volume-title":"Numerical Ecology","author":"Legendre P","year":"1998","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr42-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1009"},{"key":"bibr43-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JC003051"},{"key":"bibr44-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2013.06.026"},{"key":"bibr45-0959683615622548","first-page":"113","volume":"5","author":"Margalef R","year":"1956","journal-title":"Invest Pesq"},{"key":"bibr46-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-6667(02)00229-4"},{"key":"bibr47-0959683615622548","volume-title":"Sociedades e grupos em Portugal","author":"Martins MB","year":"1973"},{"key":"bibr48-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00087-X"},{"key":"bibr49-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revpalbo.2008.12.013"},{"key":"bibr50-0959683615622548","unstructured":"Mertens KN (2009) Tracing hydrological millennial-scale cycles in the late Quaternary of the Cariaco Basin and the southern Gulf of C\u00e1diz using coccoliths and dinoflagellate cysts. PhD Thesis, Department of Biology\/Ghent University, Department of Geology and Soil Science, 205 pp."},{"key":"bibr51-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revpalbo.2009.05.004"},{"key":"bibr52-0959683615622548","unstructured":"Mil-Homens (2006) Assessment of heavy metal contamination in three areas of the Portuguese shelf. PhD Thesis, Earth Sciences Centre, Department of Geology, Gotheburg University, 128 pp."},{"key":"bibr53-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.03.042"},{"key":"bibr54-0959683615622548","volume-title":"Estrutura, variabilidade e din\u00e1mica do fitoplanct\u00f4n na Costa de Portugal continental","author":"Moita T","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr55-0959683615622548","unstructured":"Monteiro J, Voelker A, Ferreira A, (2002) Report of the cruise PALEO 1 (PO287) on FS Poseidon (April 22\u2013May 3, 2002). Relat\u00f3rio T\u00e9cnico-Projecto INGMAR, INGMARDEP 09\/FCT\/2002. Available at: http:\/\/eprints.uni-kiel.de\/27579\/1\/POS287%20CR.pdf."},{"key":"bibr56-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00785236.1995.10422044"},{"key":"bibr57-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699212786"},{"key":"bibr58-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2004.11.005"},{"key":"bibr59-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-7963(02)00076-3"},{"key":"bibr60-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.02125.x"},{"key":"bibr61-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2014.01.008"},{"key":"bibr62-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marmicro.2010.04.003"},{"key":"bibr63-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marmicro.2008.01.008"},{"key":"bibr64-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00195-X"},{"key":"bibr65-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-6667(03)00118-0"},{"key":"bibr66-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002670."},{"key":"bibr67-0959683615622548","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2014) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, http:\/\/www.R-project.org."},{"key":"bibr68-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033822200032999"},{"key":"bibr69-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2007.04.021"},{"key":"bibr70-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL040504"},{"key":"bibr71-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marmicro.2008.01.013"},{"key":"bibr72-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-011-0132-6"},{"key":"bibr73-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2216\/09-11.1"},{"key":"bibr74-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(75)90198-2"},{"key":"bibr75-0959683615622548","volume-title":"Distribution of Recent Dinoflagellate Cysts in Surface Sediments from the North Atlantic Ocean and Adjacent Seas in Relation to Sea-Surface Parameters","author":"Rochon A","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr76-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-1136(96)00109-2"},{"key":"bibr77-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2003.12.001"},{"key":"bibr78-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1357\/0022240053693671"},{"key":"bibr79-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2007.04.008"},{"key":"bibr80-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/cr00972"},{"key":"bibr81-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2010.03.019"},{"key":"bibr82-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(99)00091-3"},{"key":"bibr83-0959683615622548","first-page":"615","volume":"13","author":"Stockmarr J","year":"1971","journal-title":"Pollen et spores"},{"key":"bibr84-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/23.5.447"},{"key":"bibr85-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2010.02.006"},{"key":"bibr86-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2015.05.021"},{"key":"bibr87-0959683615622548","volume-title":"CANOCO Reference Manual and CanoDraw for Windows User\u2019s Guide: Software for Canonical Community Ordination","author":"ter Braak CJF","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr88-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2006.05.010"},{"key":"bibr89-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(90)90063-2"},{"key":"bibr90-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095968369700700406"},{"key":"bibr91-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1048"},{"key":"bibr92-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1978)106<0296:TSIWTB>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"bibr93-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6611(02)00015-0"},{"key":"bibr94-0959683615622548","first-page":"53","volume":"4","author":"Walker GT","year":"1932","journal-title":"Memoirs of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"bibr95-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2111025a0"},{"key":"bibr96-0959683615622548","volume-title":"Portugal \u2013 Fertilizer Modernization Project","author":"World Bank","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr97-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670262.2011.564517"},{"key":"bibr98-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-6667(97)00002-X"},{"key":"bibr99-0959683615622548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.10.012"}],"container-title":["The Holocene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0959683615622548","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0959683615622548","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0959683615622548","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:13:30Z","timestamp":1777450410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0959683615622548"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0959683615622548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0959683615622548","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-6836","1477-0911"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-6836","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0911","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]]}}}