{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T16:36:18Z","timestamp":1770568578799,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,15]],"date-time":"2013-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363305600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Hosp Palliat Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Pain is a common and debilitating symptom of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, although it is often underestimated and undertreated, especially in HIV-infected intravenous drug users. It is more likely to occur in the later stages of the HIV disease, where it assumes particular significance, especially in terminally ill patients. However, its successful management is possible, though the goal of effective therapy is hampered by the side effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy and drug\u2013drug interactions. In order to appraise these issues, a search in MEDLINE database was conducted. Book reviews and a search on relevant Web sites were also included. Treatment of HIV is itself very complex and becomes even more difficult when palliative therapy is added. Protease inhibitors, mainly ritonavir, and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have higher interaction potential, due to their inducer or inhibitory actions on cytochrome P450, posing a risk when coadministered with palliative treatments; so, better outcomes can be achieved with knowledge of pharmacological aspects. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909113480553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,16]],"date-time":"2013-03-16T07:38:43Z","timestamp":1363419523000},"page":"194-201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pain Treatment in Patients Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Later Stages"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Fontes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joaquim Urbano Hospital \u2013 Oporto Hospital Center, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 F.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palliative Care, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1049909113480553","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS \u2013UNAIDS. 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Washington, DC: Center for Palliative Care Education, University of Washington; 2003. http:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pallcare\/training\/curriculum_pdfs\/OverviewModule.pdf. Accessed December 28, 2010."},{"key":"bibr7-1049909113480553","unstructured":"Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of Antiretroviral agents in HIV-1 infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services; 2011:1\u2013184. http:\/\/www.aidsinfo.nih.gov\/contentfiles\/adultandadolescentgl.pdf. 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Pain in the HIV-infected substance user. New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute; 2005. http:\/\/www.hivguidelines.org\/clinical-guidelines\/hiv-and-substance-use\/pain-in-the-hiv-infected-substance-user\/. Accessed June 8, 2011."},{"key":"bibr18-1049909113480553","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2011.02.014"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr19-1049909113480553","first-page":"S235","volume":"4","author":"Moss V","year":"1990","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"bibr20-1049909113480553","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026921639701100210"},{"key":"bibr21-1049909113480553","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/082585979701300203"},{"key":"bibr22-1049909113480553","first-page":"95","volume":"10","author":"La Rue F","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Palliat Care"},{"key":"bibr23-1049909113480553","unstructured":"Palliativedrugs Neerkin J, Cheung CC, Stirling C. Guidelines for Cancer Pain Management in Substance Misusers. 2009. http:\/\/www.palliativedrugs.com\/rag-panel.html. Accessed June 8, 2011."},{"key":"bibr24-1049909113480553","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ewjm.176.1.33"},{"key":"bibr25-1049909113480553","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/eujp.1999.0111"},{"key":"bibr26-1049909113480553","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.03.016"},{"key":"bibr27-1049909113480553","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00098-2"},{"key":"bibr28-1049909113480553","unstructured":"WHO. WHO definition of palliative care. http:\/\/www.who.int\/cancer\/palliative\/definition\/en\/ Accessed May 16, 2011"},{"key":"bibr29-1049909113480553","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.010132"},{"key":"bibr30-1049909113480553","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS \u2013UNAIDS. AIDS: Palliative Care. UNAIDS Techical update; 2010: 1\u201316. http:\/\/data.unaids.org\/publications\/IRC-pub05\/jc453-pallicare-tu_en.pdf. Accessed May 5, 2011."},{"key":"bibr31-1049909113480553","unstructured":"Breitbart W. Pain. In: \u00d3Neill J, Selwyn A, Schietinger H, eds. A Clinical Guide to Supportive and Palliative Care for HIV\/AIDS; 2003:85\u2013122 (chap 4). http:\/\/hab.hrsa.gov\/deliverhivaidscare\/files\/palliativecare2003.pdf. Accessed February 12, 2010."},{"key":"bibr32-1049909113480553","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-011-0201-7"},{"key":"bibr33-1049909113480553","volume-title":"Manual de Cuidados Paliativos","author":"Barbosa A","year":"2006","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr34-1049909113480553","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1383\/anes.6.2.39.59098"},{"key":"bibr35-1049909113480553","first-page":"CD005454","volume":"4","author":"Saarto T","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr36-1049909113480553","unstructured":"Ogbuokiri JE. 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