{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:26:50Z","timestamp":1777483610137,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]],"date-time":"2014-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411948800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cross-Cultural Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article investigated the dimensionality, measurement invariance, and cross-cultural variations of social desirability. A total of 3,471 university students from 20 countries completed an adapted version of the Marlowe\u2013Crowne scale. A two-dimensional structure was revealed in the pooled sample, distinguishing enhancement (endorsement of positive self-description) and denial (rejection of negative self-description). The factor structure was supported in most countries; medium-sized item bias was found in two denial items. In a multilevel analysis, we found that (a) there was more cross-cultural variation in denial than enhancement; (b) females tended to score higher on enhancement whereas males tended to score higher on denial; (c) the Human Development Index, an indicator of country socioeconomic development, was the best (negative) predictor of denial; and (d) both enhancement and denial seemed to be associated with country-level values and personality pertinent to \u201cfitting in.\u201d We conclude that social desirability has a positive and a negative impression management dimension that are meaningfully associated with country-level characteristics, and we argue that social desirability is better interpreted as culturally regulated response amplification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1069397114552781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]],"date-time":"2014-09-30T22:48:26Z","timestamp":1412117306000},"page":"227-249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Socially Desirable Responding"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tilburg University, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Fons J. R.","family":"van de Vijver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tilburg University, The Netherlands"},{"name":"North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa"},{"name":"University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Dominguez Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ibero-American University, Mexico City, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Abubakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tilburg University, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Utrecht University, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Radosveta","family":"Dimitrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stockholm University, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Byron G.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tilburg University, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Arzu","family":"Aydinli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tilburg University, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Kokou","family":"Atitsogbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lom\u00e9, Togo"}]},{"given":"Itziar","family":"Alonso-Arbiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Bobowik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Venzislav","family":"Jordanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Sports Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"given":"Stefanos","family":"Mastrotheodoros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Yael J.","family":"Ponizovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Reb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Management University, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Management University, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Sovet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts, Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Delia","family":"Stefenel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania"}]},{"given":"Angela O.","family":"Suryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tilburg University, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Ergyul","family":"Tair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Villieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Rouen, France"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1069397114552781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barger S. 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