{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:58:33Z","timestamp":1777931913372,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]],"date-time":"2000-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":965088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroscientist"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Phrenology is nowadays often considered as a pseudoscience and a reason for ironic comments. This theory was based on the ideas of Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828). He was indeed a fine neuroscientist that called attention to the cerebral cortex and suggested for the first time that mental functions were the result of the activity of cortical \u201corgans.\u201d The methodology used reveals interesting predictive aspects for what our current practice is. However, the interpretations of the observations were often more in accordance with the predicted heuristic model than with the real findings. Spurzheim (1776-1832) was first his student and then his collaborator. He traveled around the world lecturing and making phrenology a popular science.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/107385840000600412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]],"date-time":"2009-04-17T18:53:06Z","timestamp":1239994386000},"page":"297-302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Those Were the (Phrenological) Days"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Castro-Caldas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Neurology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Bethesda, Maryland,"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Grafman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Santa Maria Lisbon, Portugal Cognitive Neuroscience Section National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Bethesda, Maryland"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195065039.001.0001","volume-title":"Origins of neuroscience","author":"Finger S.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1662.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Marie P. La troisi\u00e8me circunvolution frontale gauche me joue aucun role sp\u00e9cial dans la function du langage. In: Travaux et memoires. Paris: Masson \u00d2diteurs; 1926. p. 3-30."},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Broca P. Aph\u00e9mie datant de vingt et un ans, produite par le ramollissement chronique et progressif de la seconde et de la troisi\u00e8me circonvolution de l\u2019\u00e9tage sup\u00e9rieur du lobs frontal gauche. Bolletin de la Societ\u00e9 Anatomique de Paris. Tome IV. 343-57; 1861."},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Medicine: an illustrated history","author":"Lyons AS","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199510000-00025"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Heads & headlines: the phrenological fowlers","author":"Stern MB","year":"1971"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Gall F, Spurzheim JC. Anatomie et physiologie du syst\u00e8me nerveux. Paris: Schoell; 1810."},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4997-7"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.18.030195.002043"},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"Gall FJ, Spurzheim JC. Recherches sur le syst\u00e8me nerveux en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et sur celui du cerveau en particulier. Paris: Schoell; 1809."},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broca P. Sur la facult\u00e9 du langage articul\u00e9. Bolletin de la Societ\u00e9 Anthropologie 1869;6:337-93.","DOI":"10.3406\/bmsap.1865.9495"},{"key":"atypb13","unstructured":"Bernard. De l\u2019aphasie et de ses diverses formes. Paris: Delahaye et Lecrosnier \u00c9diteurs; 1885."},{"key":"atypb14","unstructured":"Combe G. Trait\u00e9 de phr\u00e9nologie (French translation). Bruxelles: Societ\u00e9 Belge de Librairie; 1840."},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"36","volume":"1","author":"Caldwell, C.","year":"1833","journal-title":"Ann Phrenol"}],"container-title":["The Neuroscientist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/107385840000600412","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/107385840000600412","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T01:01:22Z","timestamp":1777683682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/107385840000600412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/107385840000600412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107385840000600412","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-8584","1089-4098"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-8584","type":"print"},{"value":"1089-4098","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]}}}