{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T03:24:07Z","timestamp":1777865047991,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007434","name":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/3480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/3480"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Jnl of Sandwich Structures &amp; Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Balsa wood is increasingly considered as a core material in sandwich panels for applications in several industries. However, there is still very limited information about its mechanical behaviour at elevated temperature. This article presents an experimental and analytical study about the effects of elevated temperature on the shear behaviour of end-grain balsa with nominal density of 109\u2009kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The Iosipescu\/V-notch test method was used to investigate the shear behaviour of balsa specimens extracted along the two material directions that are relevant for core materials subjected to shear: (i) transverse to the wood grain and (ii) parallel to the wood grain. The shear tests were conducted under steady-state conditions for temperatures between room temperature and 240\u00b0C. For the various temperatures, the stress vs. strain behaviour in shear was non-linear, with such non-linearity becoming more accentuated at higher temperatures. The shear modulus and strength presented a linear and comparable reduction with increasing temperature, and the residual properties at 240\u00b0C dropped to less than 20% of the room temperature properties. In the final part of the article, four alternative analytical models available in the literature were assessed regarding their ability to describe the reduction with temperature of the shear properties of balsa. All models were able to successfully fit the test data.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1099636220909773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T00:49:01Z","timestamp":1583369341000},"page":"2106-2126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of elevated temperature on the shear response of end-grain balsa used in composite sandwich panels"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2323-0776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M","family":"Garrido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Melro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"JR","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1099636213502980"},{"key":"bibr2-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1099636215582214"},{"key":"bibr3-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monti A, Mahi AEL, Jendli Z, et\u00a0al. Quasi-static and fatigue properties of a balsa cored sandwich structure with thermoplastic skins reinforced by flax fibres.\n                      J Sandwich Struct Mater\n                      2018;  21: 2358\u20132381.","DOI":"10.1177\/1099636218760307"},{"key":"bibr4-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1099636217706895"},{"key":"bibr5-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayahlatifi S, Rahimi G, Bokaei A. Experimental and numerical investigation of sandwich structures with balsa core and hybrid corrugated composite\/balsa core under three-point bending using digital image correlation.\n                      J Sandwich Struct Mater\n                      . Epub ahead of print 6 January 2019. DOI: 10.1177\/1099636218822333","DOI":"10.1177\/1099636218822333"},{"key":"bibr6-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000423"},{"key":"bibr7-1099636220909773","unstructured":"Petsche G, Kellner T. Blade runners: a look inside a factory for giant wind turbine blades, https:\/\/www.ge.com\/reports\/towering-achievement-look-inside-factory-giant-wind-turbine-blades\/ (2018, accessed 24 July 2019)."},{"key":"bibr8-1099636220909773","unstructured":"Draffin JO, Muhlenbruch CW. The mechanical properties of balsa wood. In:\n                      Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials\n                      , Vol.  37, 1937, pp.582\u2013587."},{"key":"bibr9-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-015-0700-5"},{"key":"bibr10-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2015.01.014"},{"key":"bibr11-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2017.01.037"},{"key":"bibr12-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(03)00294-X"},{"key":"bibr13-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2010.10.002"},{"key":"bibr14-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.009"},{"key":"bibr15-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2014.03.017"},{"key":"bibr16-1099636220909773","unstructured":"Simpson W, TenWolde A. Physical properties and moisture relations of wood. In:\n                      Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material\n                      . Madison, WI, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1999, General Technical Report  113:3.1-3.24."},{"key":"bibr17-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-009-0121-9"},{"key":"bibr18-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2011.03.007"},{"key":"bibr19-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-010-1125-2"},{"key":"bibr20-1099636220909773","unstructured":"Wu C, Vahedi N, Vassilopoulos A, et\u00a0al. Mechanical properties of a balsa wood veneer core material at elevated temperatures. In:\n                      Proceedings of the 12th international conference on sandwich structures (ICSS-12)\n                      , Lausanne, Switzerland, 19\u201322 August 2018."},{"key":"bibr21-1099636220909773","volume-title":"Structural design of polymer composites: EUROCOMP design code and handbook","author":"Clarke JL","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr22-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-8348-2284-0"},{"key":"bibr23-1099636220909773","unstructured":"CEN WG4-CEN\/TC 250.\n                      Fibre Reinforced polymer structures \u2013 scientific and technical report\n                      , Working Group 4 (WG4) of Technical Committee 250, European Committee for Standardization (CEN), 2016."},{"key":"bibr24-1099636220909773","unstructured":"DNV GL:2017. Standard DNVGL-ST-C501, Composite components."},{"key":"bibr25-1099636220909773","volume-title":"CUR recommendation 96:2017 fibre-reinforced polymers in buildings and civil engineering structures","author":"CUR","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr26-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.053"},{"key":"bibr27-1099636220909773","unstructured":"3A Composites. Baltek\u00ae SB Select Grade Structural Balsa Datasheet 02.2016, https:\/\/www.3accorematerials.com\/uploads\/documents\/TDS-BALTEK-SB-E_1106.pdf (2016, accessed 24 July 2019)."},{"key":"bibr28-1099636220909773","unstructured":"ASTM C273\/C273M:2018. Standard test method for shear properties of sandwich core materials. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA."},{"key":"bibr29-1099636220909773","unstructured":"ASTM D5379\/D5379M:2010. Standard test method for shear properties of composite materials by the V-notched beam method. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA."},{"key":"bibr30-1099636220909773","unstructured":"Basu P.\n                      Biomass gasification, pyrolysis, and torrefaction \u2013 practical design and theory\n                      . 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"bibr31-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firmo JP, Roquette MG, Correia JR, et\u00a0al. Influence of elevated temperatures on epoxy adhesive used in CFRP strengthening systems for civil engineering applications.\n                      Int J Adhes Adhes\n                      2019; 93: 8\u201318.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2019.01.027"},{"key":"bibr32-1099636220909773","unstructured":"EN 1995-1-2:2004. Eurocode 5: design of timber structures \u2013 part 1\u20132: general \u2013 structural fire design."},{"key":"bibr33-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998305055543"},{"key":"bibr34-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011282704357"},{"key":"bibr35-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2012.10.051"},{"key":"bibr36-1099636220909773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2011.03.006"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sandwich Structures &amp; Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1099636220909773","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1099636220909773","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1099636220909773","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:53:00Z","timestamp":1777528380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1099636220909773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1099636220909773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1099636220909773","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-6362","1530-7972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-6362","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-7972","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]}}}