{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T12:13:09Z","timestamp":1772539989430,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health\ufffdServ\ufffdInsights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Tele-rehabilitation (TR) may be an effective alternative or complement to centre-based cardiac rehabilitation (CBCR) with heart failure (HF) patients, helping overcome accessibility problems to CBCR. The aim of this study is to systematically review the literature in order to assess the clinical effectiveness of TR programs in the management of chronic HF patients, compared to standard of care and standard rehabilitation (CBCR). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effect and safety of TR programs in HF patients, regarding cardiovascular death, heart failure-related hospitalizations, functional capacity and quality of life. We searched 4 electronic databases up until May 2020, reviewed references of relevant articles and contacted experts. A quantitative synthesis of evidence was performed by means of random-effects meta-analyses. We included 17 primary studies, comprising 2206 patients. Four studies reported the number of hospitalizations (TR: 301; Control: 347). TR showed to be effective in the improvement of HF patients\u2019 functional capacity in the 6 Minute Walk-Test (Mean Difference (MD) 15.86; CI 95% [7.23; 24.49]; I2 = 74%) and in peak oxygen uptake (pVO2) results (MD 1.85; CI 95% [0.16; 3.53]; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 93%). It also improved patients\u2019 quality of life (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire: MD \u22126.62; CI 95% [\u221211.40; \u22121.84]; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 99%). No major adverse events were reported during TR exercise. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p> TR showed to be superior than UC without CR on functional capacity improvement in HF patients. There is still scarce evidence of TR impact on hospitalization and cv death reduction. Further research and more standardized protocols are needed to improve evidence on TR effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11786329211021668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T06:17:06Z","timestamp":1623824226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Effectiveness of Tele-rehabilitation Programs in Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3116-955X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Helena","family":"Cavalheiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS, Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Silva Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS, Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0824-4598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afonso","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS, Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physical Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Em\u00edlia","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS, Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Filipe","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS, Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 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