{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T17:18:07Z","timestamp":1771867087381,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]],"date-time":"2008-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1204329600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Party Politics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The article investigates the differences among West European countries in terms of the degree to which individuals' left\u2014right self-placement is anchored in social, value and partisan factors. The study shows that clarity of party alternatives is much more important than political socialization in structuring citizens' left\u2014right attitudes, i.e. the greater the clarity of party alternatives, the more structured the left\u2014right orientations of citizens. As a first step in the investigation, the article seeks to show that the relative weights of social factors in explaining individual left\u2014right self-placement, vis-\u00e0-vis values and partisan loyalties, are important, contrary to the poor results of previous studies. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1354068807085889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,4]],"date-time":"2008-02-04T16:10:49Z","timestamp":1202141449000},"page":"189-209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Party Polarization and Citizens' Left\u2014Right Orientations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Freire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lisbon University Institute, Lisbon, Portugal,"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"6","volume":"3","author":"Barnes, S.H.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Central European Political Science Review"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2111177"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartolini, S.                  (2000) The Political Mobilization of the European Left                 , 1860\u20141980.                     Cambridge: Cambridge University                     Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511521560"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"The American Voter","author":"Campbell, A.","year":"1960"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001041406900200201"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries","author":"Franklin, M.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Esquerda e Direita na Pol\u00edtica Europeia. 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Dalton                  and                      M. Kuechler                  (eds) Challenging the Political Order: New Social and Political                     Movements in Western Democracies, pp.                 43\u201466. Oxford:                         Oxford University Press."},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"[1990a]) El cambio cultural en las sociedades industriales avanzadas","author":"Inglehart, R.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691214429"},{"key":"atypb17","unstructured":"Inglehart, R.                  and                      H.D. Klingemann                  (1976) `Party Identification, Ideological Preference and the                     Left\u2014Right Dimension Among Western Mass Publics', in                      I. Budge                 ,                      I. Crewe                  and                      D. J. Farlie                  (eds) Party Identification and Beyond: Representations of Voting and                     Party Competition , pp. 243\u201476.                         London: John                 Wiley ."},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511622014"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6765.1995.tb00487.x"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019251297018002005"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"31","volume":"3","author":"Knutsen, O.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Central European Political Science Review"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Left and Right: the Topography of Political Perceptions","author":"Laponce, J.A.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Lipset, S.M.                  and                      S. Rokkan                  (1967) `Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter                     Alignments: an Introduction', in                      S. M. 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