{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:58:49Z","timestamp":1776427129247,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Virtual production (VP) is becoming central to film and television education, with universities offering degree programs, minors, tracks, electives, and short-term credentials. This review of 115 English-language sources, including 55 curricula from 49 higher education institutions (HEI), shows VP as a socially uneven, tool-weighted formation clustered in well-resourced Anglophone systems. Curricula overwhelmingly foreground real-time workflows, engine-driven pipelines, and stage operations over story development, audio design, and game-adjacent or interactive practices. The core tools include the Unreal Engine, motion-capture systems, and LED volumes, framed as prestige infrastructure rather than collective capacity. Programs emphasize employability, production-style blocks, and \u2018learning by doing real jobs\u2019, supporting industry transition but compressing experimentation, critique, and cross-cultural perspectives. Competency stacks map robust technical cores but reveal structural gaps in leadership, narrative, sound, and AI\/ML literacy. The findings argue that evaluating VP education requires analyzing how programmes distribute technological and symbolic capital, organize human\u2013machine networks, and produce learning spaces. Future research should model VP curricula as sociotechnical networks, measure AI integration maturity, test transferability, track longitudinal outcomes, map non-English ecosystems, and formalize stage pedagogy frameworks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13548565261426105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T11:26:35Z","timestamp":1772277995000},"page":"249-288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virtual production education in film curricula: Scope, methods, and pedagogies \u2013 A systematic multivocal review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3846-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Anes Silveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC \u2013 Open University, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"S\u00e3o Mamede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC \u2013 Open University, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Arnaldo","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC \u2013 Open University, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_1","unstructured":"Academy of Contemporary Music & Middlesex University (2024) BA (Hons) virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/www.acm.ac.uk\/courses\/higher-education\/virtual-production\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_1","unstructured":"Academy of Live Technology (2024) MSc virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/academyoflivetechnology.co.uk\/study\/degrees\/virtual-production"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_1","unstructured":"Ahalia School of Media Studies and Future Technologies (ASOMSAFT) (2024) BVA in virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/asomsaft.in\/bva-in-virtual-production\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15448\/1980-3729.2022.1.43370"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_7_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Technology-driven virtual production: the advantages and new applications of game engines in the film industry","volume":"29","author":"An D","year":"2022","unstructured":"An D (2022b) Technology-driven virtual production: the advantages and new applications of game engines in the film industry. Producci\u00f3n virtual impulsada por la tecnolog\u00eda: las ventajas y las nuevas aplicaciones de los motores de juegos en la industria cinematogr\u00e1fica 29(1): 1\u201313.","journal-title":"Producci\u00f3n virtual impulsada por la tecnolog\u00eda: las ventajas y las nuevas aplicaciones de los motores de juegos en la industria cinematogr\u00e1fica"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_1","unstructured":"Animationsinstitut FB-W (2024) Diploma in technical directing. Available at. https:\/\/animationsinstitut.de\/en\/studies\/study-specializations\/technical-directing."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_1","unstructured":"Avatar (2009) United States: 20th century fox. Available at. https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0499549\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-11089-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_1","unstructured":"BA (Hons) Immersive Media Production \u2013 Bray Institute of Further Education (BIFE) (2024). Available at. https:\/\/www.bife.ie\/full-time-courses\/film-and-computer-gaming\/ba-hons-immersive-media-production."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_1","unstructured":"Ballyfermot\/IADT\/BIFE (2024) BA (Hons) immersive media production. Available at. https:\/\/iadt.ie\/courses\/immersive-media-production\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnett T Bevan J Mackness C et al. (2024) Beyond Virtual Production: Integrating Production Technologies. 1st edition. Focal Press. Available at. https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781003449492 (accessed 19 January 2025).","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003449492-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00098650903505415"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_1","unstructured":"Bennett J Heath C Kilkelly F et al. (2021) Virtual production: a global innovation opportunity for the UK. 978-1-8384779-2\u20139. UK: StoryFutures Academy. Available at. https:\/\/www.storyfutures.com\/uploads\/docs\/VP-Skills-Mandala_November-2021.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610540.3627010"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_1","volume-title":"The Virtual Production Field Guide - Volume II","author":"Bergeron N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bergeron N, Kadner N (2021) Interview: Digital humans The Virtual Production Field Guide - Volume II. Epic Games."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_1","volume-title":"BFI Skills Review 2022: Workforce Development in the Scripted Film and High-End Television Production Sector","author":"BFI Skills Review","year":"2022","unstructured":"BFI Skills Review (2022) BFI Skills Review 2022: Workforce Development in the Scripted Film and High-End Television Production Sector. British Film Institute."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_1","volume-title":"Green Matters - Environmental Sustainability and Film Production: An Overview of Current Practice","author":"Bigger Picture Research","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bigger Picture Research (2020) Green Matters - Environmental Sustainability and Film Production: An Overview of Current Practice. British Film Institute."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_1","unstructured":"Blekinge Institute of Technology (2024) Virtual production (7.5 credits). Available at. https:\/\/www.bth.se\/eng\/education\/courses\/20252\/BNE4H\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_1","volume-title":"Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review","author":"Booth A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Booth A, Sutton A, Papaioannou D (2016) Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review. 2nd edition. Sage.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14324\/FEJ.06.2.01"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_1","unstructured":"Breda University of Applied Sciences (2024) BSc creative media and game technologies \u2013 visual arts. Available at. https:\/\/www.buas.nl\/en\/programmes\/creative-media-and-game-technologies\/visual-arts"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21153\/jtlge2010vol1no1art546"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21153\/jtlge2010vol1no1art546"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_1","unstructured":"Calawerts G Kankanala A Proctor K et al. (2024) Part two: the globalization of virtual production in film and television - past present and future. 2 July. Carnegie Mellon University Master of Entertainment Industry Management. Available at. https:\/\/www.amt-lab.org\/blog\/2024\/5\/part-two-the-globalization-of-virtual-production-in-film-and-television-past-present-and-future"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cannav\u00f2 A Prattic\u00f2 FG Bruno A et al. (2023) AR-MoCap: using augmented reality to support motion capture acting. IEEE Conference 2023 on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces 318\u2013327.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR55154.2023.00047"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_1","volume-title":"The VES Handbook of Virtual Production","author":"Champagne R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Champagne R (2024) NVIDIA omniverse and artificial intelligence. In: Zwerman S, Okun JA (eds) The VES Handbook of Virtual Production. Routledge."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_7_28_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Virtual production: interactive and real-time technology for filmmakers","volume":"23","author":"Chanpum P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chanpum P (2023) Virtual production: interactive and real-time technology for filmmakers. Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies 23(1): 9\u201317.","journal-title":"Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_1","unstructured":"Chapman University (2024) BFA film and television production. Available at. https:\/\/www.chapman.edu\/dodge\/programs\/undergraduate\/bfa-film-and-television-production.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_1","volume-title":"The Virtual Production Field Guide - Volume II","author":"Chen J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen J, Kadner N (2021) Interview: real-time animation. The Virtual Production Field Guide - Volume II. Epic Games."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_1","unstructured":"City of Liverpool College University Centre (2024) BA (hons) games design and virtual media production. Available at. https:\/\/digital.ucas.com\/coursedisplay\/courses\/5569fdcb-e45c-99b3-3a71-f7c623932ddd?academicYearId=2025"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_1","unstructured":"Coastal Alabama Community College (2024) AAS in 3D animation and virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/www.coastalalabama.edu\/arts-humanities-and-design\/3d-animation-and-virtual-production-aas-avp\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_1","volume-title":"Navigating Tomorrow: Mastering Skills in a Dynamic Global Labor Market","author":"Cote S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cote S (2024) Navigating Tomorrow: Mastering Skills in a Dynamic Global Labor Market. December. Global Labor Market Conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_1","volume-title":"Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience","author":"Csikszentmihalyi M","year":"1990","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi M (1990) Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper Perennial Modern Classics."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_1","unstructured":"Curtin University (2024) Virtual production and effects specialisation. Available at. https:\/\/handbook.curtin.edu.au\/courses\/course-ug-virtual-production-and-effects-specialisation--spuc-vprdev1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_1","unstructured":"De Montfort University (2024) MSc visual effects and virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/www.dmu.ac.uk\/study\/courses\/postgraduate-courses\/visual-effects-and-virtual-production\/visual-effects-and-virtual-production-msc.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_1","unstructured":"Deakin University (2024) Visual effects and virtual production minor (Bachelor of Film Television and Animation) Available at. https:\/\/www.deakin.edu.au\/courses\/minor\/visual-effects-and-virtual-production-bachelor-film-television-and-animation"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_1","unstructured":"DePaul University (2024a) Virtual production environment design (minor). Available at. https:\/\/catalog.depaul.edu\/programs\/virtual-production-environment-design-minor\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_1","unstructured":"DePaul University (2024b) Virtual production stage operation (minor). Available at. https:\/\/catalog.depaul.edu\/programs\/virtual-production-stage-operation-minor\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_1","volume-title":"Advanced Media Production: Foresighting Skills for the Future","author":"Digital Catapult","year":"2023","unstructured":"Digital Catapult (2023a) Advanced Media Production: Foresighting Skills for the Future. December. Digital Catapult. Available at. https:\/\/www.digicatapult.org.uk\/publications\/post\/advanced-media-production-skills-foresighting-report\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_1","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Advanced Media Production: Foresighting Skills for the Future","author":"Digital Catapult","year":"2023","unstructured":"Digital Catapult (2023b) Chapter 5 - foresighting for advanced media production. In: Advanced Media Production: Foresighting Skills for the Future. Digital Catapult, pp. 25\u201340."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_1","volume-title":"Advanced Media Production: Foresighting Skills for the Future","author":"Digital Catapult","year":"2023","unstructured":"Digital Catapult (2023c) Thinking about skills in advanced media production. In: Advanced Media Production: Foresighting Skills for the Future. Digital Catapult."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/25741136.2022.2153002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21153\/jtlge2017vol8no1art642"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_46_1","unstructured":"Fleischer M (1915) Rotoscope: method of producing moving-picture cartoons. Available at. https:\/\/worldwide.espacenet.com\/patent\/search\/family\/003310473\/publication\/US1242674A"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_47_1","unstructured":"Flinders University (2024a) Graduate certificate in virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/handbook.flinders.edu.au\/courses\/2025\/GCVP"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_48_1","unstructured":"Flinders University (2024b) Graduate diploma in virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/handbook.flinders.edu.au\/courses\/2025\/GDPVP"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_49_1","unstructured":"Flinders University (2024c) Master of virtual production (1 year). Available at. https:\/\/handbook.flinders.edu.au\/courses\/2025\/MVPA"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_50_1","unstructured":"Flinders University (2024d) Master of virtual production (2 years). Available at. https:\/\/handbook.flinders.edu.au\/courses\/2025\/MVP"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_51_1","unstructured":"Flow Theory - an overview Science Direct Topics (2025) Flow theory - an overview | Science Direct Topics. Available at. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/psychology\/flow-theory"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_52_1","volume-title":"Definition Magazine","author":"Foley N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Foley N (ed) (2024) Bridging the VP skills gap: bridging the virtual production skills gap. Definition Magazine. Bright Publishing Ltd."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_53_1","unstructured":"Fortune Business Insights (2024) Virtual production market size share & industry analysis by component (hardware software services) by type (Pre-production production post-production) by end-use (movies TV-Series commercial ads online videos others) and regional forecast 2021-2028. Fortune Business Insights. Available at. https:\/\/www.fortunebusinessinsights.com\/virtual-production-market-107105"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_54_1","volume-title":"Pedagogy of the Oppressed: 30th Anniversary Edition","author":"Freire P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freire P (2014) Pedagogy of the Oppressed: 30th Anniversary Edition (trans. MB Ramos). 30th anniversary edition. Bloomsbury Publishing.","edition":"30"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_55_1","volume-title":"The Saga of Special Effects: The Complete History of Cinematic Illusion","author":"Fry R","year":"1977","unstructured":"Fry R, Fourzon P (1977) The Saga of Special Effects: The Complete History of Cinematic Illusion. Prentice Hall."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2018.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_57_1","unstructured":"Georgia State University (2024) MFA digital filmmaking \u2013 virtual production & visual effects concentration. Available at. https:\/\/www.gsu.edu\/program\/digital-filmmaking-virtual-production-visual-effects-concentration-mfa\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_58_1","volume-title":"SIGGRAPH Real-Time Live","author":"Giordana F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giordana F, Efremov V, Sourimant G, et al. (2018) Virtual production in \u2018book of the dead\u2019: technicolor\u2019s genesis platform, powered by Unity. In: SIGGRAPH Real-Time Live, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_59_1","unstructured":"Griffith University (2024) Bachelor of film and screen media production. Available at. https:\/\/www.griffith.edu.au\/study\/degrees\/bachelor-of-film-and-screen-media-production-1284"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_60_1","volume-title":"The VES Handbook of Virtual Production","author":"Grossmann B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grossmann B (2024) The future of virtual production. In: Zwerman S, Okun JA (eds) The VES Handbook of Virtual Production. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_61_1","volume-title":"The VES Handbook of Virtual Production","author":"Grossmann B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grossmann B, Sciutto AJ, Galler P (2024) What roles are needed for virtual production? In: Zwerman S, Okun JA (eds) The VES Handbook of Virtual Production. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_62_1","unstructured":"Haggis-Burridge M Clavero T Pereira Santos C (2022) Virtual Production Studio Network (VPSN). Available at. https:\/\/www.vpstudionetwork.com (accessed 31 December 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_63_1","volume-title":"The Virtual Production Skills Mandala","author":"Heath C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heath C, Bennett J, Kilkelly F (2023) The Virtual Production Skills Mandala. StoryFutures Academy. Available at. https:\/\/legacy.storyfutures.com\/reports-pdf\/StoryFutures-Virtual-Production-Skills-Report-2023\/VP-Skills-Mandala-February-2023.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3532836.3536235"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_65_1","volume-title":"The VES Handbook of Virtual Production","author":"Hendry N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hendry N (2024) Move AI - markerless motion capture. In: Zwerman S, Okun JA (eds) The VES Handbook of Virtual Production. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendry M Kottmann N Huber V et al. (2023) Simulate this! Virtual production and cinematic education with cineDESK. AVANCA | CINEMA Available at. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Manuel-Hendry-2\/publication\/373139481_Simulate_This_Virtual_Production_and_Cinematic_Education_with_cineDESK\/links\/64dbc73dad846e28829422dc\/Simulate-This-Virtual-Production-and-Cinematic-Education-with-cineDESK.pdf","DOI":"10.37390\/avancacinema.2023.a541"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/25741136.2023.2188345"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/kss.v7i13.11643"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_69_1","unstructured":"Humber College (2024) Ontario graduate certificate in virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/mediaarts.humber.ca\/programs\/virtual-production.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3214834.3214882"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_71_1","unstructured":"Indiana University Indianapolis (2024) Undergraduate certificate in virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/luddy.indianapolis.iu.edu\/degrees\/minors-certificates\/virtual-production.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_72_1","unstructured":"Institute of Art Design + Technology (IADT) (2024) Certificate in real-time virtual production. IADT Available at. https:\/\/iadt.ie\/courses\/certificate-in-real-time-virtual-production\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003449492-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_74_1","volume-title":"The VES Handbook of Virtual Production","author":"Jorge F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jorge F (2024a) Artists for asset creation\/sets. In: Zwerman S, Okun JA (eds) The VES Handbook of Virtual Production. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_75_1","volume-title":"The VES Handbook of Virtual Production","author":"Jorge F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jorge F (2024b) Virtual scouting with production design - VR system. In: Zwerman S, Okun JA (eds) The VES Handbook of Virtual Production. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_76_1","volume-title":"The Virtual Production Field Guide - Volume I","author":"Jorge F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jorge F, Kadner N (2019) Previs interview The Virtual Production Field Guide - Volume I. Epic Games."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3450549.3464412"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_78_1","volume-title":"The Virtual Production Field Guide - Volume I","author":"Kadner N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kadner N (2019) The Virtual Production Field Guide - Volume I. Epic Games. Available at. https:\/\/cdn2.unrealengine.com\/vp-field-guide-v1-3-01-f0bce45b6319.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_79_1","volume-title":"The Virtual Production Field Guide - Volume 2","author":"Kadner N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kadner N (2021) The Virtual Production Field Guide - Volume 2. Epic Games. Available at. https:\/\/cdn2.unrealengine.com\/Virtual+Production+Field+Guide+Volume+2+v1.0-5b06b62cbc5f.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_80_1","unstructured":"Kadner N (2022) Generative A.I. accelerates virtual production. Virtual Producer. Available at. https:\/\/virtualproducer.io\/generative-a-i-accelerates-virtual-production\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_81_1","volume-title":"The Virtual Production Field Guide - Volume I","author":"Kadner N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kadner N, Kadner N (2019) Chapter II: virtual production in detail. In: The Virtual Production Field Guide - Volume I. Epic Games."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_7_82_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavakli M Cremona C (2022) The virtual production studio concept - an emerging game changer in filmmaking. In 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces","DOI":"10.1109\/VR51125.2022.00020"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_7_82_1.2","unstructured":"(VR) 1 March 2022 IEEE pp. 29-37. Available at. https:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip shib&db=edseee&AN=edseee.9756783&lang=pt-pt&site=eds-live&scope=site"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_83_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for Performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering","author":"Kitchenham B","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kitchenham B, Charters S (2007) Guidelines for Performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering. EBSE-2007-01, Technical Report. Keele, Staffs, UK: Keele University. Available at. https:\/\/legacyfileshare.elsevier.com\/promis_misc\/525444systematicreviewsguide.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_84_1","unstructured":"Kwantlen Polytechnic University (2024) Diploma in advanced VFX (virtual production). Available at. https:\/\/calendar.kpu.ca\/programs-az\/arts\/entertainment-arts\/entertainment-arts-vfx-diploma\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_85_1","volume-title":"It\u2019s a Man\u2019s (Celluloid) World: Portrayals of Female Characters in the Top Grossing U.S. Films of 2024","author":"Lauzen MM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lauzen MM (2025) It\u2019s a Man\u2019s (Celluloid) World: Portrayals of Female Characters in the Top Grossing U.S. Films of 2024. Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_86_1","unstructured":"Li H Lo C-H Smith A et al. (2022) The development of virtual production in film industry in the past decade. In: Cross-Cultural Design. Applications in Learning Arts Cultural Heritage Creative Industries and Virtual Reality - 14th International Conference CCD 2022 Held as Part of the 24th HCI International Conference HCII 2022 Proceedings. 1 January 2022 Lecture Notes in Computer Science 239. Available at. https:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip shib&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85133169841&lang=pt-pt&site=eds-live&scope=site"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_87_1","unstructured":"Lynn University (2024) Master of fine arts in virtual production and visual effects animation (STEM). Available at. https:\/\/www.lynn.edu\/academics\/areas-of-study\/virtual-production-visual-effects-mfa"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_7_88_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Digital scouting for virtual production \u2013 new practices in the art of film location","volume":"11","author":"Materska-Samek M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Materska-Samek M, Pud\u0142o FG, Kotli\u0144ska M, et al. (2023) Digital scouting for virtual production \u2013 new practices in the art of film location. Media Management 11(1): 25\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4467\/23540214ZM.23.002.19489","journal-title":"Media Management"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_89_1","volume-title":"Understanding Motion Capture for Computer Animation and Video Games","author":"Menache A","year":"2000","unstructured":"Menache A (2000) Understanding Motion Capture for Computer Animation and Video Games. Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_90_1","volume-title":"The state of virtual production. Q2 Market Update","author":"Moore T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moore T (2024) The state of virtual production. Q2 Market Update. VU. Available at. https:\/\/www.vu.network\/state-of-virtual-production"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/25741136.2019.1644842"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003449492-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_93_1","article-title":"A pedagogical workflow for interconnected learning: integrating motion capture in animation, visual effects, and game design","author":"Najafi H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Najafi H, Kennedy J, Ramsay E, et al. (2024) A pedagogical workflow for interconnected learning: integrating motion capture in animation, visual effects, and game design. SA Educator\u2019s Forum \u201924, Epub ahead of print 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3680533.3697059","journal-title":"SA Educator\u2019s Forum \u201924"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_94_1","unstructured":"National Film and Television School (NFTS) (2024) Certificate in virtual production (filmmaking with real-time technologies). Available at. https:\/\/nfts.co.uk\/virtual-production-filmmaking-real-time-technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_7_95_1","first-page":"M6","article-title":"The role of documentation in practice-led research","volume":"3","author":"Nimkulrat N","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nimkulrat N (2007) The role of documentation in practice-led research. Journal of Research Practice 3(1), M6.","journal-title":"Journal of Research Practice"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_96_1","unstructured":"Nottingham Trent University (2024) MSc virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/www.ntu.ac.uk\/course\/art-and-design\/pg\/msc-virtual-production"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_97_1","unstructured":"NYU Tisch School of the Arts (2024) Master of professional studies in virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/tisch.nyu.edu\/virtual-production\/curriculum"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_98_1","unstructured":"Oey J (2024) Visual effects (VFX) market outlook 2024. LinkedIn Available at. https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/visual-effects-vfx-market-outlook-2024-oey3e\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_99_1","first-page":"692","article-title":"A survey on virtual production and the future of compositing technologies","author":"Pires F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pires F, Silva R, Raposo R (2022) A survey on virtual production and the future of compositing technologies. AVANCA | CINEMA: 692\u2013699.","journal-title":"AVANCA | CINEMA"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_100_1","volume-title":"The VES Handbook of Virtual Production","author":"Pohl B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pohl B (2024a) Previs\/Mocap pipeline and flowchart. In: Zwerman S, Okun JA (eds) The VES Handbook of Virtual Production. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_101_1","volume-title":"The VES Handbook of Virtual Production","author":"Pohl B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pohl B (2024b) Training in-camera visual effects (ICVFX) for virtual production. In: Zwerman S, Okun JA (eds) The VES Handbook of Virtual Production. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_102_1","unstructured":"Queensland University of Technology (2024) KZB250 virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/www.qut.edu.au\/study\/unit?unitCode=KZB250"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_103_1","unstructured":"Raimundo J Bessa D Madureira M (2024) The virtual production studio network: contributions and shortcomings for educators students and professionals. In: Tavares P Madureira M Albino M (eds) CONFIA 2024 Proceedings: 11th International Conference on Illustration & Animation Barcelos Portugal. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do C\u00e1vado e do Ave (IPCA) pp. 409\u2013417."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_104_1","unstructured":"Regional Virtual Production Academy - Bay Area Center for Creative Careers (BACCC) (2024a) Advanced animation\u2014advanced certificate of achievement (25\u201331 units). Available at. https:\/\/baccc.net\/rvpa"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_105_1","unstructured":"Regional Virtual Production Academy - Bay Area Center for Creative Careers (BACCC) (2024b) Advanced film production\u2014advanced certificate of achievement (25\u201331 units). Available at. https:\/\/baccc.net\/rvpa"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_106_1","unstructured":"Regional Virtual Production Academy - Bay Area Center for Creative Careers (BACCC) (2024c) Advanced modeling\u2014advanced certificate of achievement (25\u201331 units). Available at. https:\/\/baccc.net\/rvpa"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_107_1","unstructured":"Regional Virtual Production Academy - Bay Area Center for Creative Careers (BACCC) (2024d) Virtual production fundamentals\u2014certificate of achievement (18\u201324 units). Available at. https:\/\/baccc.net\/rvpa"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_108_1","unstructured":"ResearchNester (2024) Virtual production market - global demand analysis & opportunity outlook 2035. Research nester. Available at. https:\/\/www.researchnester.com\/reports\/virtual-production-market\/5716\/market-trends"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003230144"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_110_1","unstructured":"Saam J (2022) Interview: Johannes Saam (Creative Technologist). Viborg Denmark: The Animation Workshop\/VIA University College."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jfv.0.0019"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_112_1","unstructured":"Savannah College of Art and Design (2024) Master of fine arts in film and television. Available at. https:\/\/www.scad.edu\/academics\/programs\/film-and-television\/degrees\/mfa"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_113_1","volume-title":"The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action","author":"Sch\u00f6n DA","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6n DA (1983) The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. Basic Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_114_1","unstructured":"ScreenSkills (2023) VFX creation (virtual art department) roles \u2013 virtual production competencies (version 1.2). April. Available at. https:\/\/www.screenskills.com\/training\/virtual-production-competencies\/visual-effects-competencies-for-virtual-production\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_115_1","unstructured":"Seymour M (2020) Art of LED wall virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/fxguide.com\/fxfeatured\/art-of-led-wall-virtual-production-part-one-lessons-from-the-mandalorian\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_116_1","unstructured":"Sheridan College (2024a) Ontario college graduate certificate in advanced television and film. Available at. https:\/\/www.sheridancollege.ca\/en\/programs\/advanced-television-and-film"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_117_1","unstructured":"Sheridan College (2024b) Virtual production: art direction in unreal engine (Micro-credential). Available at. https:\/\/search.studyonline.ca\/programs\/virtual-production-art-direction-in-unreal-engine-b8a74b7d-9f03-ee11-8f6e-0022483d081a"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_118_1","unstructured":"Sheridan College (2024c) Virtual production: unreal engine On-set technician (Micro-credential). Available at. https:\/\/search.studyonline.ca\/programs\/virtual-production-unreal-engine-on-set-technician-69ea0f67-9e03-ee11-8f6e-0022483d081a"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14062530"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_120_1","volume-title":"Skills Framework for Media: A Guide to Occupations and Skills (Version 1.1)","author":"SkillsFuture SingaporeWorkforce SingaporeInfocomm Media Development Authority","year":"2024","unstructured":"SkillsFuture SingaporeWorkforce SingaporeInfocomm Media Development Authority (2024) Skills Framework for Media: A Guide to Occupations and Skills (Version 1.1). SkillsFuture Singapore."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_121_1","unstructured":"Solent University (2024) MA virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/www.solent.ac.uk\/courses\/postgraduate\/virtual-production-ma"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003449492-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_123_1","volume-title":"The Virtual Production Field Guide - Volume II","author":"Spillers C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spillers C, Kadner N (2021) Interview: virtual production supervisor The Virtual Production Field Guide - Volume II. Epic Games."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_124_1","unstructured":"Staffordshire University (2024) BSc (Hons) visual effects and virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/www.staffs.ac.uk\/course\/visual-effects-and-virtual-production-bsc"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_125_1","volume-title":"The VES Handbook of Virtual Production","author":"Swiatek C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Swiatek C (2024) Virtual pre-lighting with the DP. In: Zwerman S, Okun JA (eds) The VES Handbook of Virtual Production. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13548565241253903"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_127_1","volume-title":"Virtual Production Institute","author":"Texas A&M University","year":"2024","unstructured":"Texas A&M University (2024) Virtual Production Institute. Texas A&M University. Available at. https:\/\/vpi.tamu.edu\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_128_1","volume-title":"Digital Visual Industry Report 2022","author":"The Animation Workshop\/VIA University College","year":"2022","unstructured":"The Animation Workshop\/VIA University College (2022) Digital Visual Industry Report 2022. Viborg, Denmark: The Animation Workshop\/VIA University College, Center for Animation, Visualization and Digital Storytelling. Available at. https:\/\/animationworkshop.via.dk"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_129_1","unstructured":"The DAVE School (2024) Virtual production diploma. Available at. https:\/\/dave.nuc.edu\/programs\/virtual-production-program\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_130_1","unstructured":"The Jungle Book (2016) United States: Walt disney studios motion pictures. Available at. https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt3040964\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_131_1","unstructured":"The Lion King (2019) United States: Walt disney studios motion pictures. Available at. https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt6105098\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_132_1","unstructured":"The Mandalorian (2019) Lucasfilm fairview entertainment golem creations. Available at. https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt8111088\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_133_1","unstructured":"Thomas L May H (2010) Inclusive learning and teaching in higher education. Epub ahead of print 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3233085.3233090"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_135_1","unstructured":"Turku University of Applied Sciences (2024) Cutting-edge virtual production at the edges of the European Union. Available at. https:\/\/www.turkuamk.fi\/en\/project\/cutting-edge-virtual-production-at-the-edges-of-the-european-union\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_136_1","unstructured":"University College London (2025) Grey literature: biosciences guide. Available at. https:\/\/library-guides.ucl.ac.uk\/biosciences\/grey-literature"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_137_1","unstructured":"University of Greenwich (2024) BA (Hons) film and television production. Available at. https:\/\/www.gre.ac.uk\/undergraduate-courses\/ach\/film-and-television-production-ba-hons"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_138_1","unstructured":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China (2024) MA digital screen production. Available at. https:\/\/www.nottingham.edu.cn\/en\/study-with-us\/postgraduate-taught\/courses\/prospectus.aspx?id=4b50d3f2-ba36-40ac-889e-6f383d969b88&language=en-GB"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_139_1","unstructured":"University of Sunderland (2024) BA (Hons) film production. Available at. https:\/\/www.sunderland.ac.uk\/study\/media\/film-production\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5430\/jnep.v6n5p100"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_141_1","unstructured":"Vancouver Film School (2024) Virtual Production Certificate Program (PXO). Available at. https:\/\/vfs.edu\/content\/pxo-virtual-production"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venckute D Jablosnkyte R (2024) Exploring the impact of virtual production workshops: a qualitative study. EDULEARN24 Proceedings 1 July 2024 4778\u20134783.","DOI":"10.21125\/edulearn.2024.1174"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_143_1","unstructured":"Virtual Production Glossary - Virtual Production (2024) Virtual production glossary. Available at. https:\/\/vpglossary.com\/vpglossary\/virtual-production\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_144_1","unstructured":"Vlahos P (1964) Composite colour photography. Available at. https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US3158477"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_145_1","volume-title":"Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes","author":"Vygotski\u012d LS","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vygotski\u012d LS (1978) Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_146_1","volume-title":"The Evolution of Virtual Production: Issues and Opportunities","author":"Willment N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Willment N, Swords J, Thomas B (2023) The Evolution of Virtual Production: Issues and Opportunities. University of York."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willment N Jones B Swords J et al. (2024a) The importance of professional skills within the changing media landscape of the UK screen industries: a case study of the \u2018disruptive\u2019 phenomenon of virtual production. Media Practice and Education 26(1): 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/25741136.2024.2336759","DOI":"10.1080\/25741136.2024.2336759"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_148_1","volume-title":"A Research Agenda for Innovation in Future Convergent Media and Virtual Production Technologies: Reporting from XR Network+ Workshops 2023\/4","author":"Willment N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Willment N, Murphy D, Black SR, et al. (2024b) A Research Agenda for Innovation in Future Convergent Media and Virtual Production Technologies: Reporting from XR Network+ Workshops 2023\/4. September. XR Network+."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wohlin C (2014) Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering London England United Kingdom 13 May 2014 pp. 1\u201310. ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2601248.2601268 (accessed 5 July 2024).","DOI":"10.1145\/2601248.2601268"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003449492-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04585-2_26"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_152_1","unstructured":"York University (2024) BFA (Hons) media arts. Available at. https:\/\/ampd.yorku.ca\/department-of-cinema-and-media-arts\/media-arts\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_153_1","unstructured":"Zurich University of the Arts (ZHdK) (2024) Minor in virtual production. Available at. https:\/\/www.zhdk.ch\/en\/degree-programmes\/virtual-production-10102"}],"container-title":["Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13548565261426105","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13548565261426105","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13548565261426105","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:16:43Z","timestamp":1776424603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13548565261426105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13548565261426105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13548565261426105","relation":{},"ISSN":["1354-8565","1748-7382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1354-8565","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-7382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]}}}