{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T07:33:51Z","timestamp":1777707231684,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Bilingualism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims and objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates the acquisition of referential expressions for direct objects by child heritage speakers of Polish living in Germany. Our main research questions are how object expression develops in bilingual children and whether their path or pace of acquisition differs from monolingual children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigate the use of referential expressions in an elicited production task. In all, 39 Polish-German bilingual children participated in the test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data and analysis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We compare the data of four age groups of bilingual children \u2013 3- to 4-year-olds, 5- to 6-year-olds, 7- to 8-year-olds, and 9- to 10-year-olds \u2013 to each other and to monolingual children at the respective ages. For the analysis of participants\u2019 responses, we ran a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with a multinominal dependent variable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results show that child heritage language (HL) speakers of Polish display knowledge of semantic and pragmatic constraints of object realization from early stages on. However, from age 5 and up to age 9 to 10, they still produce high rates of inappropriate null objects and show a deceleration in the development of this knowledge, compared to monolingual children. This protracted development is attributed to reduced input in the HL, mainly due to the enrolment in the majority language school.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is the first to investigate the development of referential expressions for direct objects in child heritage speakers of Polish in the age span 3 to 10\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study relates the higher rates of null objects in the bilingual production to the varying degrees of exposure to the HL during language development. Deceleration in the pace of object acquisition by the HL speakers at the age of 5 to 6\u2009years is attributed to a prolonged stage of acquisition of integrating rules of syntactic and pragmatic knowledge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13670069221132382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T08:15:15Z","timestamp":1670832915000},"page":"79-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Null objects in Polish heritage language acquisition in contact with German"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0733-4455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldona","family":"Sopata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Rinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt, Germany"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2016.05.007"},{"key":"bibr2-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/jpl.239"},{"key":"bibr3-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/lab.18016.sop"},{"key":"bibr4-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/probus-2017-0004"},{"key":"bibr5-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/languages4030053"},{"key":"bibr6-13670069221132382","author":"Ariel M.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Givenness marking"},{"key":"bibr7-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-2166(91)90136-L"},{"key":"bibr8-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511605963"},{"key":"bibr9-13670069221132382","first-page":"687","volume-title":"The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition: Vol. 1. The data","author":"Clark E.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr10-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110215359.1.63"},{"key":"bibr11-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110238815.105"},{"key":"bibr12-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9612.2005.00074.x"},{"key":"bibr13-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/tilar.15.11dec"},{"key":"bibr14-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195135886.001.0001"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr15-13670069221132382","first-page":"203","volume":"21","author":"Grosz B. J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"bibr16-13670069221132382","author":"Gr\u00fcter T.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Object clitics and null objects in the acquisition of French"},{"key":"bibr17-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728911000113"},{"key":"bibr18-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/416535"},{"key":"bibr19-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2014.03.001"},{"key":"bibr20-13670069221132382","volume-title":"Die werden-Perspektive und die werden-Periphrase im Deutschen. Historische Entwicklung und Funktionen in der Gegenwartssprache","author":"Kotin M. L.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr21-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728901000116"},{"key":"bibr22-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1367006915603824"},{"key":"bibr23-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2007.07.002"},{"key":"bibr24-13670069221132382","volume-title":"Direct objects and language acquisition","author":"P\u00e9rez-Leroux A. T.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr25-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728913000631"},{"key":"bibr26-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2008.07.007"},{"key":"bibr27-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/lald.22"},{"key":"bibr28-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2013.05.008"},{"key":"bibr29-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/LING_a_00042"},{"key":"bibr30-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.langsci.2014.06.010"},{"key":"bibr31-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/lab.1.1.01sor"},{"key":"bibr32-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728920000826"},{"key":"bibr33-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/lab.4.3.01tsi"},{"key":"bibr34-13670069221132382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10489223.2015.1028628"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Bilingualism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13670069221132382","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13670069221132382","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13670069221132382","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:49:12Z","timestamp":1777456152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13670069221132382"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13670069221132382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13670069221132382","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-0069","1756-6878"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-0069","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-6878","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]}}}