{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T07:33:58Z","timestamp":1777707238034,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Bilingualism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims and Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study investigates the effects of age, language use, and attitudes on Portuguese returnee bilinguals\u2019 knowledge of German nominal morphology. We focused on language attrition. In addition, we compared whether the results of returnee bilinguals differ in relevant ways from the performance of L1 speakers of German and, if so, in which domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A background questionnaire and offline tasks that elicit lexical knowledge, case, gender, and plural marking in German were applied to a group of Portuguese\u2013German bilingual returnees ( N\u2009=\u200920) and a group of German L1 speakers ( N\u2009=\u200920).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data and Analysis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The elicited data were analyzed through non-parametric tests (Mann\u2013Whitney tests, Wilcoxon tests, and Spearman correlation tests), since not all the requirements for running mixed models could be fulfilled.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results show that bilingual returnees have very stable knowledge of the analyzed properties: parts of morphosyntactic knowledge are acquired and stabilized in childhood and remain highly invulnerable to loss of contact throughout the speakers\u2019 lifetime. However, returnees\u2019 knowledge of the German case system is constrained by age of input loss, language use, and attitudes. Ungrammatical plural marking is correlated with the speakers\u2019 bonds to the German language and culture. No cross-linguistic influence from Portuguese was found in the domain of plural marking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study resumes the question of differential attrition effects in returnee bilinguals by using a more controlled methodology. It extends the investigation to returnees\u2019 performance in the lexical domain and with regard to case, gender, and number morphology in German, also quantifying other variables, such as the age of onset of bilingualism, the amount of contact with German after return, and the length of residence in Portugal. In addition, it focuses the less researched question regarding the role of the returnees\u2019 attitudes toward both their languages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance\/Implications:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study highlights the multi-dimensional factors that constrain language proficiency over a bilingual speaker\u2019s lifetime.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13670069221136941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T03:49:24Z","timestamp":1669175364000},"page":"24-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["More insights into the interaction between age, exposure, and attitudes in language attrition and retention from the perspective of bilingual returnees"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2770-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5629-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781474212151.ch-001"},{"key":"bibr2-13670069221136941","first-page":"83","volume-title":"The loss of language skills","author":"Andersen R. W.","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr3-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026553220101800301"},{"key":"bibr4-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00437956.1958.11659661"},{"key":"bibr5-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/4.3.222"},{"key":"bibr6-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107375345.005"},{"key":"bibr7-13670069221136941","unstructured":"Birdsong D., Gertken L. M., Amengual M. (2012). Bilingual language profile: An easy-to-use instrument to assess bilingualism. COERLL. University of Texas, Austin. https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/bilingual"},{"key":"bibr8-13670069221136941","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Angemessene Strukturen. Systemorganisation in Phonologie, Morphologie und Syntax","author":"Bittner D.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr9-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2009.00521.x"},{"key":"bibr10-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198793595.013.23"},{"key":"bibr11-13670069221136941","author":"Feldman N.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Learning and overgeneralization patterns in a connectionist model of the German plural [Master\u2019s thesis, Universit\u00e4t Wien]"},{"key":"bibr12-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S136672890999054X"},{"key":"bibr13-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728911000666"},{"key":"bibr14-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000914000233"},{"key":"bibr15-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lang.12350"},{"key":"bibr16-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108766340.016"},{"key":"bibr17-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716422000261"},{"key":"bibr18-13670069221136941","unstructured":"Grimm H., Aktas M., Frevert S. (2001). SETK 3-5:\n                      Sprachentwicklungstest f\u00fcr drei- bis f\u00fcnfj\u00e4hrige Kinder: Diagnose von Sprachverarbeitungsf\u00e4higkeiten und auditiven Ged\u00e4chtnisleistungen\n                      . [SETK 3-5: Language development test for three- to five-year-old children: diagnosis of language processing skills and auditory memory skills]. Hogrefe."},{"key":"bibr19-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198793595.013.20"},{"key":"bibr20-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3841(88)90064-2"},{"key":"bibr21-13670069221136941","volume-title":"Schemata bei der Pluralbildung im Deutschen: Versuch einer kognitiven Morphologie","author":"K\u00f6pcke K.-M.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr22-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2020.100906"},{"key":"bibr23-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.560874"},{"key":"bibr24-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026765839200800203"},{"key":"bibr25-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/25.2.137"},{"key":"bibr26-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/sibil.39"},{"key":"bibr27-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110925364.105"},{"key":"bibr28-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110857863.187"},{"key":"bibr29-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195123043.003.0002"},{"key":"bibr30-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1367006909339814"},{"key":"bibr31-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/sibil.24"},{"key":"bibr32-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511852046"},{"key":"bibr33-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198793595.013.24"},{"key":"bibr34-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198793595.013.22"},{"key":"bibr35-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728913000771"},{"key":"bibr36-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lang.12361"},{"key":"bibr37-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/lab.17058.sch"},{"key":"bibr38-13670069221136941","first-page":"155","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 second language research forum","author":"Snape N.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr39-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00437956.1986.11435777"},{"key":"bibr40-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/hsm.13.11sto"},{"key":"bibr41-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265532211433033"},{"key":"bibr42-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263109090202"},{"key":"bibr43-13670069221136941","unstructured":"Tschirner E. (2008). Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Grund- und Aufbauwortschatz nach Themen [German as a foreign language. Basic and advanced vocabulary by topics]. Cornelsen."},{"key":"bibr44-13670069221136941","volume-title":"First language attrition among Turkish Speakers in Sydney","author":"Yagmur K.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr45-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198793595.013.25"},{"key":"bibr46-13670069221136941","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5070\/L432005161"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Bilingualism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13670069221136941","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13670069221136941","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13670069221136941","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:49:13Z","timestamp":1777456153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13670069221136941"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13670069221136941"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13670069221136941","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-0069","1756-6878"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-0069","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-6878","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]}}}