{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T14:34:38Z","timestamp":1778078078898,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Group Processes &amp; Intergroup Relations"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    An often overlooked aspect of intergroup relations is how people react to inclusion in a beneficial superordinate category. To examine this issue, we conducted four studies (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091,686) in Kosovo about the European Union (EU), using adult (Studies 1, 3, 4) and adolescent (Study 2) samples. We employed experimental designs (Studies 1, 3, 4) and a two-wave longitudinal design (Study 2). In Studies 1\u20133, we assessed ethnic identification before exposing participants to one of three experimental conditions: inclusion in the superordinate category, exclusion, or a control. Results showed that individuals with low ethnic identification perceived less discrimination (i.e., less unfair treatment), greater metahumanization (i.e., being seen as equal), and less collective victimhood (i.e., lower feelings of being unjustly targeted) in the inclusion condition compared to exclusion or control conditions, whereas those with high ethnic identification exhibited the opposite reactions regardless of condition. In Study 4, we assessed the need to belong to the EU and ethnic identification before exposing participants to similar conditions. Results showed that individuals with a high need to belong to the EU perceived less discrimination, greater metahumanization, and lower collective victimhood in the inclusion condition compared to other conditions, regardless of ethnic identification. This pattern also held for those with a low need to belong to the EU and low ethnic identification. However, it did not appear for those with a low need to belong to the EU and high ethnic identification, whose reactions to inclusion differed from those of participants in other conditions. These effects were mediated by collective victimhood.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13684302241267982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T21:39:21Z","timestamp":1726263561000},"page":"324-354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["\u201cIns and outs\u201d: Ethnic identity, the need to belong, and responses to inclusion and exclusion in inclusive common ingroups"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2994-0998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Islam","family":"Borinca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, the Netherlands"},{"name":"University College Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3184-5164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fitim","family":"Uka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Prishtina \u201cHasan Prishtina,\u201d Republic of Kosovo"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Clinic Empatia, Republic of Kosovo"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","unstructured":"Anderson N. B. Nordal K. C. Ballard D. W. Bufka L. F. Diaz-Granados J. Keita G. P. Wright C. V. Bossolo L. Bethune S. (2016). Stress in AmericaTM: The impact of discrimination. American Psychological Association. https:\/\/www.apa.org\/news\/press\/releases\/stress\/2015\/impact-of-discrimination.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","unstructured":"Andriessen I. Fernee H. Wittebrood K. (2020 April 2). Perceived discrimination in the Netherlands 2019. European Commission. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/migrant-integration\/library-document\/perceived-discrimination-netherlands-2019_en"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","volume-title":"Peer rejection in childhood","author":"Asher S. R.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Asher S. R., Coie J. D. (1990). Peer rejection in childhood. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastian B. Denson T. F. Haslam N. (2013). The roles of dehumanization and moral outrage in retributive justice. PLoS One 8(4) Article e61842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0061842","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061842"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastian B. Haslam N. (2010). Excluded from humanity: The dehumanizing effects of social ostracism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46(1) 107\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.06.022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastian B. Haslam N. (2011). Experiencing dehumanization: Cognitive and emotional effects of everyday dehumanization. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 33(4) 295\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01973533.2011.614132","DOI":"10.1080\/01973533.2011.614132"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumeister R. F. Leary M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin 117(3) 497\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.117.3.497"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borinca I. Falomir-Pichastor J. M. Andrighetto L. Halabi S. (2021). Overcoming negative reactions to prosocial intergroup behaviors in post-conflict societies: The power of intergroup apology. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 95 Article 104140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2021.104140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2021.104140"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borinca I. Moreno-Bella E. S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez \u00c1. Muldoon O. (2022). Crisis complicates peacebuilding in postconflict societies: COVID-19 support triggers negative outgroup emotions among individuals with low and high prejudice. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 29(3) 276\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pac0000631","DOI":"10.1037\/pac0000631"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borinca I. Tropp L. R. Ofosu N. (2021). Meta-humanization enhances positive reactions to prosocial cross-group interaction. British Journal of Social Psychology 60(3) 1051\u20131074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjso.12435","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12435"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borinca I. van Assche J. Gronfeldt B. Sainz M. Anderson J. Ta\u015fba\u015f E. H. O. (2023). Dehumanization of outgroup members and cross-group interactions. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 50 Article 101247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cobeha.2023.101247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2023.101247"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borinca I. Griffin S. M. McMahon G. Maher P. Muldoon O. T. (2024). Nudging (dis) trust in science: Exploring the interplay of social norms and scientific trust during public health crises. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jasp.13053","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.13053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borinca I. van Assche J. Koc Y. (2024). How meta-humanization leads to conciliatory attitudes but not intergroup negotiation: The mediating roles of attribution of secondary emotions and blatant dehumanization. Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology 7 Article 100198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cresp.2024.100198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cresp.2024.100198"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourguignon D. Seron E. Yzerbyt V. Herman G. (2006). Perceived group and personal discrimination: Differential effects on personal self-esteem. European Journal of Social Psychology 36(5) 773\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.326","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.326"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brauer M. McClelland G. (2005). L\u2019utilisation des contrastes dans l\u2019analyse des donn\u00e9es: Comment tester les hypoth\u00e8ses sp\u00e9cifiques dans la recherche en psychologie? L\u2019ann\u00e9e Psychologique 105(2) 273\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3406\/psy.2005.29696","DOI":"10.3406\/psy.2005.29696"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown-Iannuzzi J. L. Adair K. C. Payne B. K. Richman L. S. Fredrickson B. L. (2014). Discrimination hurts but mindfulness may help: Trait mindfulness moderates the relationship between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences 56 201\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2013.09.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2013.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameron C. D. Harris L. T. Payne B. K. (2016). The emotional cost of humanity: Anticipated exhaustion motivates dehumanization of stigmatized targets. Social Psychological and Personality Science 7(2) 105\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550615604453","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550615604453"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvallo M. Pelham B. W. (2006). When fiends become friends: The need to belong and perceptions of personal and group discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90(1) 94\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.90.1.94","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.1.94"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crisp R. J. Stone C. H. Hall N. R. (2006). Recategorization and subgroup identification: Predicting and preventing threats from common ingroups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32(2) 230\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167205280908","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167205280908"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crocker J. Major B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review 96(4) 608\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.96.4.608","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295X.96.4.608"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","unstructured":"Demjaha A. Sarri\u00e1 P. V. (2021 May 25). Spain\u2019s impact on Kosovo\u2019s accession process into the EU. European Western Balkans. https:\/\/europeanwesternbalkans.com\/2021\/05\/25\/spains-impact-on-kosovos-accession-process-into-the-eu\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellemers N. Spears R. Doosje B. (1997). Sticking together or falling apart: In-group identification as a psychological determinant of group commitment versus individual mobility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72(3) 617\u2013626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.72.3.617","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.72.3.617"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","unstructured":"Emini D. Nechev Z. Vasolli B. (2021 December 17). Agenda 2021: How can Kosovo government approach the visa liberalisation issue? European Western Balkans. https:\/\/europeanwesternbalkans.com\/2021\/12\/17\/agenda-2021-how-can-kosovo-government-approach-the-visa-liberalisation-issue\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","unstructured":"European Stability Initiative (ESI). (2010 November 22). Isolation confirmed: How the EU is undermining its interests in Kosovo. https:\/\/www.esiweb.org\/publications\/isolation-confirmed-how-eu-undermining-its-interests-kosovo"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","unstructured":"European Commission. (2024). Schengen Area. Retrieved from https:\/\/home-affairs.ec.europa.eu\/policies\/schengen-borders-and-visa\/schengen-area_en."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Imagined contact favors humanization of individuals with intellectual disabilities: A two-wave study","volume":"17","author":"Falvo R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Falvo R., Capozza D., Hichy Z., Di-Sipio A. (2014). Imagined contact favors humanization of individuals with intellectual disabilities: A two-wave study. Life Span and Disability, 17(1), 39\u201357.","journal-title":"Life Span and Disability"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faul F. Erdfelder E. Buchner A. Lang A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods 41(4) 1149\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritz M. S. MacKinnon D. P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science 18(3) 233\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furr R. M. Rosenthal R. (2003). Evaluating theories efficiently: The nuts and bolts of contrast analysis. Understanding Statistics: Statistical Issues in Psychology Education and the Social Sciences 2(1) 33\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15328031us0201_03","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328031US0201_03"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","volume-title":"The aversive form of racism","author":"Gaertner S. L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gaertner S. L., Dovidio J. F. (2000). The aversive form of racism. Academic Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaertner S. L. Dovidio J. F. Anastasio P. A. Bachman B. A. Rust M. C. (1993). The common ingroup identity model: Recategorization and the reduction of intergroup bias. European Review of Social Psychology 4(1) 1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14792779343000004","DOI":"10.1080\/14792779343000004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","first-page":"433","volume-title":"Handbook of prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping","author":"Gaertner S. L.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gaertner S. L., Dovidio J. F., Guerra R., Hehman E., Saguy T. (2016). A common ingroup identity: Categorization, identity, and intergroup relations. In Nelson T. D. (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping (2nd ed., pp. 433\u2013454). Psychology Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardner W. L. Pickett C. L. Brewer M. B. (2000). Social exclusion and selective memory: How the need to belong influences memory for social events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26(4) 486\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167200266007","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167200266007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haslam N. Bain P. Douge L. Lee M. Bastian B. (2005). More human than you: Attributing humanness to self and others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89(6) 937\u2013950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.89.6.937","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.89.6.937"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"Hayes A. F.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hayes A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hornsey M. J. Hogg M. A. (2000). Subgroup relations: A comparison of mutual intergroup differentiation and common ingroup identity models of prejudice reduction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26(2) 242\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167200264010","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167200264010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasini A. Delvaux E. Mesquita B. (2017). Collective victimhood and ingroup identity jointly shape intergroup relations even in a non-violent conflict: The case of the Belgians. Psychologica Belgica 57(3) 98\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/pb.334","DOI":"10.5334\/pb.334"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leach C. W. van Zomeren M. Zebel S. Vliek M. L. Pennekamp S. F. Doosje B. Ouwerkerk J. W. Spears R. (2008). Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95(1) 144\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.95.1.144","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.95.1.144"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leary M. R. Tambor E. S. Terdal S. K. Downs D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68(3) 518\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.68.3.518","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.68.3.518"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee D. L. Ahn S. (2013). The relation of racial identity ethnic identity and racial socialization to discrimination\u2013distress: A meta-analysis of Black Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology 60(1) 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031275","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031275"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leyens J.-P. Paladino P. M. Rodriguez-Torres R. Vaes J. Demoulin S. Rodriguez-Perez A. Gaunt R. (2000). The emotional side of prejudice: The attribution of secondary emotions to ingroups and outgroups. Personality and Social Psychology Review 4(2) 186\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0402_06","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0402_06"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mashuri A. Zaduqisti E. (2014). We believe in your conspiracy if we distrust you: The role of intergroup distrust in structuring the effect of Islamic identification competitive victimhood and group incompatibility on belief in a conspiracy theory. Journal of Tropical Psychology 4 Article e11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jtp.2014.11","DOI":"10.1017\/jtp.2014.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCoy S. K. Major B. (2003). Group identification moderates emotional responses to perceived prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29(8) 1005\u20131017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167203253466","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203253466"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mekawi Y. Watson-Singleton N. N. (2021). Examining racial discrimination\u2019s association with depressive symptoms through metadehumanization among African Americans: Does racial identity matter? Journal of Black Psychology 47(2\u20133) 91\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095798420983664","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798420983664"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mize J. Ladd G. W. (1988). Predicting preschoolers\u2019 peer behavior and status from their interpersonal strategies: A comparison of verbal and enactive responses to hypothetical social dilemmas. Developmental Psychology 24(6) 782\u2013788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.24.6.782","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0012-1649.24.6.782"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mummendey A. Wenzel M. (1999). Social discrimination and tolerance in intergroup relations: Reactions to intergroup difference. Personality and Social Psychology Review 3(2) 158\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327957pspr0302_4","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0302_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neblett E. W.Jr. Roberts S. O. (2013). Racial identity and autonomic responses to racial discrimination. Psychophysiology 50(10) 943\u2013953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.12087","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12087"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noor M. Vollhardt J. R. Mari S. Nadler A. (2017). The social psychology of collective victimhood. European Journal of Social Psychology 47(2) 121\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2300","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2300"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paladino M. P. Vaes J. (2009). Ours is human: On the pervasiveness of infra-humanization in intergroup relations. British Journal of Social Psychology 48(2) 237\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466608X322882","DOI":"10.1348\/014466608X322882"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavetich M. Stathi S. (2021). Meta-humanization reduces prejudice even under high intergroup threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 120(3) 651\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspi0000259","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000259"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sacco D. F. Bernstein M. J. (2015). Social inclusion leads individuals to devalue groups of perceived inferior quality. Group Dynamics: Theory Research and Practice 19(4) 211\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/gdn0000035","DOI":"10.1037\/gdn0000035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","unstructured":"Sassi L. Amighetti E. (2018 February 16). Kosovo: A young country being shaped by its youth. Politico. https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/interactive\/in-pictures-kosovo-10th-anniversary-future-being-shaped-by-its-youth\/#:~:text=With%2053%20percent%20of%20its of%20the%20continent\u2019s%20poorest%20countries"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schori-Eyal N. Halperin E. Bar-Tal D. (2014). Three layers of collective victimhood: Effects of multileveled victimhood on intergroup conflicts in the Israeli\u2013Arab context. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 44(12) 778\u2013794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jasp.12268","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12268"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","unstructured":"Selimi P. (2024 March 14). Kosovo\u2019s taken crucial step to join Council of Europe. Balkan Insight. https:\/\/balkaninsight.com\/2024\/03\/14\/kosovo-takes-a-crucial-step-to-join-council-of-europe\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sellers R. M. Shelton J. N. (2003). Racial identity discrimination and mental health among African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84(5) 1079\u20131092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.84.5.1079","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.5.1079"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shnabel N. Nadler A. Ullrich J. Dovidio J. F. Carmi D. (2009). Promoting reconciliation through the satisfaction of the emotional needs of victimized and perpetrating group members: The needs-based model of reconciliation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35(8) 1021\u20131030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167209336610","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167209336610"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim J. J. Goyle A. McKedy W. Eidelman S. Correll J. (2014). How social identity shapes the working self-concept. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 55 271\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2014.07.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2014.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solana J. (1999). NATO\u2019s success in Kosovo. Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/20049537","DOI":"10.2307\/20049537"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Streukens S. Leroi-Werelds S. (2016). Bootstrapping and PLS-SEM: A step-by-step guide to get more out of your bootstrap results. European Management Journal 34(6) 618\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emj.2016.06.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2016.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","unstructured":"Steinel W. De Dreu C. K. W. Ouwehand E. Ramirez-Marin J. Y. (2010). When constituencies speak in multiple tongues: Negotiators\u2019 inclination to seek constituent consensus. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 13(6) 761\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1368430210371187"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymanski D. M. Lewis J. A. (2016). Gendered racism coping identity centrality and African American college women\u2019s psychological distress. Psychology of Women Quarterly 40(2) 229\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361684315616113","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684315616113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","first-page":"276","volume-title":"Political psychology","author":"Tajfel H.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Tajfel H., Turner J. C. (1974). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In Jost J. T., Sidanius J. (Eds.), Political psychology (pp. 276\u2013293). Psychology Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","unstructured":"Taylor A. Halla B. (2022 July 26). Kosovo to apply for EU membership by end of 2022. Euroactiv. https:\/\/www.euractiv.com\/section\/enlargement\/news\/kosovo-to-apply-for-eu-membership-by-end-of-2022-2\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tropp L. R. Wright S. C. (2001). Ingroup identification as the inclusion of ingroup in the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27(5) 585\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167201275007","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167201275007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","volume-title":"Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory","author":"Turner J. C.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Turner J. C., Hogg M. A., Oakes P. J., Reicher S. D., Wetherell M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twenge J. M. Baumeister R. F. DeWall C. N. Ciarocco N. J. Bartels J. M. (2007). Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92(1) 56\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.92.1.56","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.1.56"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twenge J. M. Baumeister R. F. Tice D. M. Stucke T. S. (2001). If you can\u2019t join them beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81(6) 1058\u20131069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.81.6.1058","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.81.6.1058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ufkes E. G. Calcagno J. Glasford D. E. Dovidio J. F. (2016). Understanding how common ingroup identity undermines collective action among disadvantaged-group members. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 63 26\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2015.11.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2015.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valcke B. van Hiel A. van Assche J. van Roey T. Onraet E. Roets A. (2020). The need for inclusion: The relationships between relational and collective inclusion needs and psychological well-being. European Journal of Social Psychology 50(3) 579\u2013596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2641","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2641"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valsecchi G. Berent J. Borinca I. Green E. G. Falomir-Pichastor J. M. (2024). Inclusive social norms and nationals\u2019 positive intergroup orientations toward refugees: The moderating role of initial prejudice and intergroup contact. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 27(2) 322\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/136843022311563","DOI":"10.1177\/13684302231156399"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verkuyten M. Thijs J. (2002). Racist victimization among children in the Netherlands: The effect of ethnic group and school. Ethnic and Racial Studies 25(2) 310\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01419870120109502","DOI":"10.1080\/01419870120109502"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vezzali L. Capozza D. Di Bernardo G. A. Falvo R. Stathi S. Hodson G. (2022). Strategies for the promotion of humanity attribution to outgroups. European Review of Social Psychology 33(2) 215\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10463283.2021.1963156","DOI":"10.1080\/10463283.2021.1963156"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignoles V. L. Regalia C. Manzi C. Golledge J. Scabini E. (2006). Beyond self-esteem: Influence of multiple motives on identity construction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90(2) 308\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.90.2.308","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.2.308"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199747672.013.0009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vollhardt J. R. Bilali R. (2015). The role of inclusive and exclusive victim consciousness in predicting intergroup attitudes: Findings from Rwanda Burundi and DRC. Political Psychology 36(5) 489\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pops.12174","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12174"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316161579.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams K. D. Sommer K. L. (1997). Social ostracism by coworkers: Does rejection lead to loafing or compensation? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23(7) 693\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167297237003","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167297237003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_1","first-page":"200","volume-title":"Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration","author":"Wright S. C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wright S. C., Tropp L. R. (2002). Collective action in response to disadvantage: Intergroup perceptions, social identification, and social change. In Walker I., Smith H. J. (Eds.), Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration (pp. 200\u2013236). Cambridge University Press."}],"container-title":["Group Processes &amp; Intergroup Relations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13684302241267982","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13684302241267982","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13684302241267982","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:13:15Z","timestamp":1777446795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13684302241267982"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13684302241267982"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13684302241267982","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4302","1461-7188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4302","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]}}}