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We experimentally examined whether categorisation threat\u2014operationalised as mistaking the ingroup for a historically rivalrous outgroup, thus undermining the ingroup\u2019s uniqueness\u2014heightens collective narcissism, and whether this, in turn, escalates hostility toward the pertinent outgroup through collective narcissism. Additionally, we compared collective narcissism to another form of ingroup positivity: ingroup satisfaction. We conducted four experiments (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1,537) manipulating categorisation threat in two national contexts (Poland, Portugal), and carried out an internal meta-analysis. As hypothesised, the findings revealed an increase in collective narcissism, as well as a positive indirect effect of categorisation threat on outgroup hostility mediated by collective narcissism, but not by ingroup satisfaction. This research establishes categorisation threat as a robust trigger of collective narcissism.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13684302251345405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T05:23:09Z","timestamp":1752902589000},"page":"78-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A case of mistaken identity: Miscategorisation of the ingroup as a historically rivalrous outgroup triggers collective narcissism"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3184-5164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Guerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7631-9486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Golec de Zavala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of London, UK"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Bierwiaczonek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Ciesielski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Abakoumkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Thessaly, Greece"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Wildschut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton, UK"}]},{"given":"Constantine","family":"Sedikides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton, UK"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreto M. 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