{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T20:00:01Z","timestamp":1773345601841,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The British Journal of Politics and International Relations"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> International exchange programmes have been previously conceptualised based on the \u2018opinion leader model\u2019. It expects participants to form positive attitudes towards the host country, and to become influential back home. However, the micro-processes through which this goal can be achieved remain undertheorised. Drawing from Interaction Ritual Theory, this article argues that international exchanges consist of a chain of rituals. They strategically immerse targeted individuals into personal experiences with a shared focus on the host country, transforming the latter into a symbol charged with emotional energy and (strategically devisable) cognitive content. The symbol (now affectively and cognitively laden) is then recurrently invoked to re-circulate through the networks of the participants. A case study of a programme in which the symbol \u2018Poland\u2019 became systematically charged with the content of \u2018multiculturality\u2019 illustrates this proposition. Practical and theoretical implications (e.g. for the literature on socialisation, norm-diffusion, and face-to-face diplomacy) in international relations are discussed. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1369148118786043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T11:07:20Z","timestamp":1532344040000},"page":"880-897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The ritual creation of political symbols: International exchanges in public diplomacy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5149-6294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Pacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Austria"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2645795"},{"key":"bibr2-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00309230.2014.884609"},{"key":"bibr3-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-8594.2009.00099.x"},{"key":"bibr4-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03058298050330031601"},{"key":"bibr5-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/1871191X-12341242"},{"key":"bibr6-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315730844"},{"key":"bibr7-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2013.823935"},{"key":"bibr8-1369148118786043","unstructured":"Bovdunov A (2016) Poland: The Jagiellonian alternative. Katehon. Available at: http:\/\/katehon.com\/article\/poland-jagiellonian-alternative (accessed 1 June 2018)."},{"key":"bibr9-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J057v08n02_02"},{"key":"bibr10-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2005.10.005"},{"key":"bibr11-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1532673X7300100302"},{"key":"bibr12-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400851744"},{"key":"bibr13-1369148118786043","volume-title":"The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life","author":"Durkheim \u00c9","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr14-1369148118786043","volume-title":"The Political Uses of Symbols","author":"Elder CD","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr15-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/pb.2010.16"},{"key":"bibr16-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/002081898550789"},{"key":"bibr17-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/187119007X240497"},{"key":"bibr18-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/1871191X-12341236"},{"key":"bibr19-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716207312142"},{"key":"bibr20-1369148118786043","volume-title":"Interaction Ritual","author":"Goffman E","year":"1967"},{"key":"bibr21-1369148118786043","volume-title":"Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion","author":"Grau O","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr22-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203812303"},{"key":"bibr23-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/si.1997.20.4.397"},{"key":"bibr24-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cjip\/poq005"},{"key":"bibr25-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13600820050085750"},{"key":"bibr26-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-856X.00118"},{"key":"bibr27-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818313000234"},{"key":"bibr28-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/isec.23.1.171"},{"key":"bibr29-1369148118786043","first-page":"62","volume":"2","author":"Huijgh E","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exchange: The Journal of Public Diplomacy"},{"key":"bibr30-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1752971914000232"},{"key":"bibr31-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002081830003530X"},{"key":"bibr32-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0020-8833.00212"},{"key":"bibr33-1369148118786043","volume-title":"Ritual, Politics, and Power","author":"Kertzer DI","year":"1988"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr34-1369148118786043","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"Ki E","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Public Relations Research"},{"key":"bibr35-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/irap\/1.1.143"},{"key":"bibr36-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007108614571"},{"key":"bibr37-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/polp.12219"},{"key":"bibr38-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532754XJPRR1502_4"},{"key":"bibr39-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.pb.6000066"},{"key":"bibr40-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10758216.2016.1172489"},{"key":"bibr41-1369148118786043","volume-title":"Ritual in Early Modern Europe","author":"Muir E","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr42-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ip.8800044"},{"key":"bibr43-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03058298020310031201"},{"key":"bibr44-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716207311699"},{"key":"bibr45-1369148118786043","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) (2013) Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes (AHELO) Feasibility Study. Paris. Available at: www.oecd.org\/education\/skills-beyond-school\/AHELOFSReportVolume1.pdf (accessed 1 June 2018)."},{"key":"bibr46-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/1871191X-13020004"},{"key":"bibr47-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41254-016-0040-8"},{"key":"bibr48-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2013.11.019"},{"key":"bibr49-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ip.2014.14"},{"key":"bibr50-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0010836715574913"},{"key":"bibr51-1369148118786043","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change","author":"Risse T","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr52-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452231594"},{"key":"bibr53-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354066100006001005"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr54-1369148118786043","first-page":"65","volume":"17","author":"Scott-Smith G","year":"2003","journal-title":"Contemporary British History"},{"key":"bibr55-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716207311953"},{"key":"bibr56-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/ej.9789004176911.i-380.93"},{"key":"bibr57-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14794012.2011.622931"},{"key":"bibr58-1369148118786043","volume-title":"The Construction of Social Reality","author":"Searle JR","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr59-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/polp.12227"},{"key":"bibr60-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1521-9488.00140"},{"key":"bibr61-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-8111(92)90005-J"},{"key":"bibr62-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-5899.12100"},{"key":"bibr63-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/pb.2010.32"},{"key":"bibr64-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2015.07.012"},{"key":"bibr65-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203992258"},{"key":"bibr66-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2539217"},{"key":"bibr67-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511612183"},{"key":"bibr68-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/678698"},{"key":"bibr69-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-856X.12012"},{"key":"bibr70-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354066115581059"},{"key":"bibr71-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2011.11.002"},{"key":"bibr72-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532754xjprr1804_1"},{"key":"bibr73-1369148118786043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03075070701794833"}],"container-title":["The British Journal of Politics and International Relations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1369148118786043","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1369148118786043","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1369148118786043","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T16:48:05Z","timestamp":1740934085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1369148118786043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1369148118786043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1369148118786043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-1481","1467-856X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-1481","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-856X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]]}}}