{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:47:08Z","timestamp":1791895628640,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Aleddra, Inc.","award":["SCRPD1P0361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCRPD1P0361"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020950","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC-114-2314-B-182-016-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-114-2314-B-182-016-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018748","name":"Healthy Aging Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["URRPD1P0131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URRPD1P0131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gamma-frequency (40\u2005Hz) sensory stimulation is a promising non-pharmacological approach for modulating neural activity and cognitive function in aging and Alzheimer's disease. However, conventional flickering stimulation is often poorly tolerated, and evidence for non-flickering approaches remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the neurophysiological and cognitive effects of 4-week (28-session) non-flickering 40\u2005Hz light stimulation in cognitively normal older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this randomized, double-blind, active-controlled pilot trial, 33 cognitively normal older adults were assigned to receive either non-flickering 40\u2005Hz light stimulation (n\u2009=\u200917) or a 70\u2005Hz active-controlled condition (n\u2009=\u200916) over four weeks. Per-protocol analyses were conducted in 29 participants who completed the intervention. Resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) was acquired at baseline, immediately after the first intervention session, and after completion of the 4-week intervention. Neuropsychological assessments were performed at baseline and after the intervention. Prespecified primary outcomes were resting-state gamma-band power spectral density (PSD) and functional connectivity (FC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No significant between-group differences were observed in resting-state gamma-band PSD or FC following either one-session or 28-session intervention. Unadjusted secondary analyses suggested potential improvements in selected episodic memory measures in the 40\u2005Hz group. Exploratory analyses further identified a positive association between improvements in visuospatial memory and increases in occipital\u2013temporal FC. Both interventions were well tolerated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 28-session non-flickering 40\u2005Hz light stimulation was well tolerated and may improve selected episodic memory measures in cognitively normal older adults. Although no measurable group-level EEG effects were observed, the exploratory cognitive findings warrant further investigation in larger randomized trials.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ClinicalTrial.gov (ID: NCT06715995)\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/expert-search?term=NCT06715995\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/expert-search?term=NCT06715995<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261494219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:09:02Z","timestamp":1791457742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A randomized pilot trial of non-flickering 40\u2005Hz light stimulation: EEG activity and cognitive outcomes in cognitively normal older adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6654-9387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Hsiung","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chang Gung University"},{"name":"Chang Gung University"},{"name":"Chang Gung University"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsinjie","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chang Gung University"},{"name":"Chang Gung University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0809437"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12533"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116824"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2801"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01820-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2014.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-10018-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251328698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2026.115741"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1710041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20587"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2023.110750"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70792"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17175"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-221238"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12486-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251345352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16090976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"180","article-title":"Cognitive abilities screening instrument, Chinese version 2.0 (CASI C-2.0): administration and clinical application","volume":"21","author":"Lin KN","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin KN, Wang PN, Liu HC, et al. 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