{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T18:12:53Z","timestamp":1775239973003,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702944000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013268","name":"Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["820798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["820798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Social Security"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Informal care is often accompanied by a reduction or abandonment of professional activity by the caregiver. Therefore, caregiving may be associated with a lower pension for the former caregiver than for people without care obligations. There is a large gender difference in informal care responsibilities, and this may contribute to the gender pension gap. As the impact of care-related labour market decisions depends on the design of the pension system, we carry out a cross-country comparison, in which we analyse the impact of care obligations in countries with high (Luxembourg), middle (Liechtenstein, Belgium, Portugal) and low (Slovenia) gender pension gaps. Using typical-case simulation models, we examine how the impact of care-related events is mediated by pension rules, given women's labour market decisions. To what extent does working part time or interrupting one\u2019s career at the age of 30 or 54 reduce the later pension benefit? How are these losses mitigated by pension credits that are conditional on caregiving? We find that the mitigating effects are generally strongest in Belgium, followed by Luxembourg and Slovenia. Such credits hardly exist in Portugal, while in Liechtenstein they have only a small impact. However, the consequences of either working part time or interrupting work can also be mitigated via general rules in the system that are unrelated to caregiving (such as in Portugal and Liechtenstein). They can, on the other hand, be aggravated by the existence of higher accrual rates for individuals who extend their careers, as in Luxembourg and Slovenia. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13882627231221045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T07:30:11Z","timestamp":1703057411000},"page":"44-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The impact of taking up care tasks on pensions: Results of typical-case simulations for several European countries"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3996-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"van den Bosch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Planning Bureau, Belgium; Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy, Antwerp University, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0881-786X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Kirn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Liechtenstein, Liechtenstein; University of Freiburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7953-4943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nata\u0161a","family":"Kump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Economic Research, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Li\u00e9geois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LISER, Luxembourg"}]},{"given":"Am\u00edlcar","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Stropnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Economic Research, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Mikkel","family":"Barslund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIVA \u2013 Research Institute for Work and Society, KU Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Vergnat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LISER, Luxembourg; University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}]},{"given":"Gijs","family":"Dekkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Planning Bureau, Belgium; Centre for Sociological Research (CeSO), KU Leuven, Belgium"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.0.0252"},{"key":"bibr2-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/684851"},{"key":"bibr3-13882627231221045","volume-title":"The gender gap in pensions in the EU","author":"Bettio F","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr4-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20160995"},{"key":"bibr5-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3917\/pope.1201.0123"},{"key":"bibr6-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240106600203"},{"key":"bibr7-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/S0573-855520140000293000"},{"key":"bibr8-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2015.08.002"},{"key":"bibr9-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10645-018-9323-1"},{"key":"bibr10-13882627231221045","volume-title":"Project MIGAPE: Work Package 2: Results of the standard simulations for Belgium","author":"Dekkers G","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr11-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci11070304"},{"key":"bibr12-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13668803.2012.674408"},{"key":"bibr13-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spol.12683"},{"key":"bibr14-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X19880934"},{"key":"bibr15-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122416673598"},{"key":"bibr16-13882627231221045","volume-title":"Long-term care workforce: Employment and working conditions","author":"Eurofound","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr17-13882627231221045","volume-title":"The 2021 Ageing Report. Economic and budgetary projections for the EU Member States (2019\u20132070)","author":"European Commission and Ageing Working Group","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr18-13882627231221045","volume-title":"Long-term Care Report","author":"European Commission and Social Protection Committee"},{"key":"bibr19-13882627231221045","volume-title":"Pension Adequacy Report 2021","author":"European Commission and Social Protection Committee"},{"key":"bibr20-13882627231221045","volume-title":"Women\u2019s family histories and incomes in later life in the UK, US and West Germany","author":"Evandrou M","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr21-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X03001314"},{"key":"bibr22-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcs075"},{"key":"bibr23-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/01443331111141282"},{"key":"bibr24-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaging.2013.12.002"},{"key":"bibr25-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616690701348810"},{"key":"bibr26-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-008-9429-y"},{"key":"bibr27-13882627231221045","volume-title":"The wage scar from youth unemployment","author":"Gregg P","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr28-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0958928717754296"},{"key":"bibr29-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2006.10.005"},{"key":"bibr30-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X04002351"},{"key":"bibr31-13882627231221045","volume-title":"After parental leave: Incentives for parents with young children to return to the labour market","author":"Hofman J","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr32-13882627231221045","unstructured":"Kirn T, Baumann N (2021). Project MIGAPE Work Package 3: Results of the dynamic simulations for Switzerland. Mimeo MIGAPE project. Available at: www.migape.eu\/future.html"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr33-13882627231221045","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"Kirn T","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Microsimulation"},{"key":"bibr34-13882627231221045","volume-title":"Results of the standard simulations for Liechtenstein","author":"Kirn T","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr35-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pandp.20191078"},{"key":"bibr36-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474747218000215"},{"key":"bibr37-13882627231221045","volume-title":"Results of the standard simulations for Slovenia","author":"Kump N","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr38-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095892870101100201"},{"key":"bibr39-13882627231221045","volume-title":"Hypothetical prospective simulation of pensions for Luxembourg","author":"Li\u00e9geois P","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr40-13882627231221045","unstructured":"MIGAPE (2021) MInd the GAp in Pensions. A research project on gender pension gaps. Available at: www.migape.eu (accessed 7 September 2023)."},{"key":"bibr41-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X17000812"},{"key":"bibr42-13882627231221045","volume-title":"Project MIGAPE: Work Package 2: Results of the standard simulations for Portugal","author":"Moreira A","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr43-13882627231221045","volume-title":"Scarring Effects of Unemployment","author":"Nielsen \u00d8","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr44-13882627231221045","volume-title":"Trends in gender equality in pension and possibilities to reduce the gender pension gap including through redistributive elements in public pension schemes","author":"OECD","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr45-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/b6d3dcfc-en"},{"key":"bibr46-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/92c0ef68-en"},{"key":"bibr47-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-012-0233-9"},{"key":"bibr48-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijsw.12157"},{"key":"bibr49-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0958928710380475"},{"key":"bibr50-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-011-0068-6"},{"key":"bibr51-13882627231221045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2012.10.006"},{"key":"bibr52-13882627231221045","volume-title":"Gender gap in pension income: Cross-country analysis and role of gender attitudes","author":"Veremchuk A","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Social Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13882627231221045","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13882627231221045","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13882627231221045","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T01:57:18Z","timestamp":1740967038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13882627231221045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13882627231221045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13882627231221045","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-2627","2399-2948"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-2627","type":"print"},{"value":"2399-2948","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]}}}