{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T11:15:18Z","timestamp":1767093318820,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]],"date-time":"2016-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indoor and Built Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper presents a comparative numerical study of different ceiling-mounted-localized air distribution systems placed above students in a virtual classroom in summer conditions. The influence of four different ceiling-mounted-localized air distribution systems, using vertical descendent jets, on the thermal comfort, local thermal discomfort, and air quality levels was numerically evaluated. The air distribution index, developed previously, was used for non-uniform environment. This index considers the thermal comfort level, air quality level, effectiveness for heat removal, and effectiveness for contaminant removal. Numerical simulations were conducted for a virtual classroom equipped with one of four different ceiling-mounted-localized air distribution systems and with 6 desks, 6 or 12 students, and 2 upper airflow outlets. Inlet air supply temperature of 20 and 24\u2103 and an outdoor air temperature of 28\u2103 were used. The simulation results show that the air supply system having a vertical air jet placed at 1.8\u2009m above the floor level (Case III), and with an inlet area of 0.01\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and a supply air velocity of 3\u2009m\/s would represent the best option in comparison with other air supply methods. In general, the air distribution index value decreases with an increase in inlet air temperature and the number of occupants. The air distribution index values are highest for Case III representing a classroom with 6 or 12 occupants with an inlet air temperature of 20 or 24\u2103. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326x16659325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]],"date-time":"2016-07-21T00:08:33Z","timestamp":1469059713000},"page":"1382-1396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Numerical study of different ceiling-mounted air distribution systems for a virtual classroom environment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Eus\u00e9bio Z. E.","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology \u2013 University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina I. M.","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology \u2013 University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hazim B.","family":"Awbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Construction Management & Engineering, University of Reading, Reading UK"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1420326X16659325","first-page":"395","volume":"115","author":"Yang B","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ashrae Tran"},{"key":"bibr2-1420326X16659325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2010.07.022"},{"key":"bibr3-1420326X16659325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2012.08.031"},{"key":"bibr4-1420326X16659325","volume-title":"Ventilation of buildings","author":"Awbi HB","year":"2003","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr5-1420326X16659325","unstructured":"Cho Y, Awbi HB and Karimipanah T. A comparison between four different ventilation systems: in Roomvent 2002. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on air distribution in rooms, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 8\u201311 2002; pp.181\u2013184."},{"key":"bibr6-1420326X16659325","unstructured":"Cho Y, Awbi HB and Marchetti M. The variation of ventilation performance in relation to change in workstation location in a ventilated room: in Healthy Buildings 2003. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference of healthy buildings, ISIAQ, Singapore, December 7\u201311 2003; Vol. 2, pp.296\u2013301."},{"key":"bibr7-1420326X16659325","unstructured":"Cho Y, Awbi HB and Karimipanah T. Comparison between wall confluent jets and displacement ventilation in aspects of the spreading ration on the floor: In Indoor Air 2005 In: Proceedings of the 10th international conference in indoor air quality and climate, Beijing, China, September 4\u20139 2005; Paper 4.4\u201312, pp.3249\u20133254."},{"key":"bibr8-1420326X16659325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2005.10.016"},{"key":"bibr9-1420326X16659325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12273-012-0093-4"},{"volume-title":"Thermal comfort analysis and applications in environmental engineering","year":"1970","author":"Fanger PO","key":"bibr10-1420326X16659325"},{"volume-title":"Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy","year":"2013","author":"ANSI\/ASHRAE Standard 55-2013","key":"bibr11-1420326X16659325"},{"volume-title":"Ergonomics of the thermal environment \u2013 analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria","year":"2005","author":"ISO 7730:2005","key":"bibr12-1420326X16659325"},{"key":"bibr13-1420326X16659325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7788(88)90051-5"},{"volume-title":"ASHRAE standard \u2013 ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality","year":"2013","author":"ANSI\/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013","key":"bibr14-1420326X16659325"},{"key":"bibr15-1420326X16659325","unstructured":"Decreto-Lei n\u00b0 79. Regulamento dos sistemas energ\u00e9ticos de climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o em edif\u00edcios (RSECE). Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica. I S\u00e9rie-A, N. 67, 4 April, Lisbon, 2006."},{"key":"bibr16-1420326X16659325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10789669.2006.10391191"},{"key":"bibr17-1420326X16659325","unstructured":"Zhu S, Kato S, Ooka R, Sakoi T and Tsuzuki K. Coupled simulation method of convection, radiation, moisture transport and Sakoi human thermal physiological model to simulate heat exchange from a person seated in a uniform environment: in Roomvent 2007. In: Proceedings of the 10th international conference on air distribution in rooms, FINVAC, Helsinki, Finland, June 13\u201315 2007; pp.13\u201315."},{"key":"bibr18-1420326X16659325","unstructured":"Omni O and Tenabe S. Coupled simulation of convection-radiation-thermoregulation for predicting human thermal sensation: in Roomvent 2007 In: Proceedings of the 10th international conference on air distribution in rooms, FINVAC, Helsinki, Finland, June 13\u201315 2007; pp.13\u201315."},{"key":"bibr19-1420326X16659325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2009.07.020"},{"key":"bibr20-1420326X16659325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X12451186"},{"key":"bibr21-1420326X16659325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10789669.2006.10391189"},{"key":"bibr22-1420326X16659325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2010.03.006"},{"key":"bibr23-1420326X16659325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10789669.2008.10391003"},{"key":"bibr24-1420326X16659325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482234213"},{"key":"bibr25-1420326X16659325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10789669.2010.10390912"}],"container-title":["Indoor and Built Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1420326X16659325","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1420326X16659325","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1420326X16659325","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T11:43:44Z","timestamp":1740829424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1420326X16659325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1420326X16659325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1420326x16659325","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-326X","1423-0070"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1420-326X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1423-0070"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]]}}}