{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:44:20Z","timestamp":1777938260518,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Footwear manufacturing is basically a process of transformation and assembly of various components made up of several materials where different adhesives play a key role, because without them, the shoe would lack shape and structure. This paper aims to understand the importance of adhesives in the footwear industry. It is necessary to identify the different processes in a shoemaking where adhesives are involved and the different adhesive joints produced, as well as their technical requirements. The adhesive joint performance will depend on the different adherends\u2019 nature used as footwear materials, the joint design, the surface treatments, the adhesive properties which depend on their formulation, and so on. Adhesive joints in a shoe act under different stress types (peel, shear, tensile, etc.). The most disfavourable are the peel stress. For that reason, the peel strength test is one of the most common to evaluate adhesive joints\u2019 performance. When heat resistance is an important adhesive requirements, a creep test is carried out. Furthermore, aging tests are undertaken in order to evaluate durability. This methodology is described in this paper.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In the literature, one can find several papers on adhesives, specifically on their mechanical properties. However, there is little research related to footwear applications, including not only the mechanical properties that this industry demands, but also the composition of the adhesives. Therefore, this paper aims to connect the important mechanical properties for the footwear industry with the constituents of the adhesives. However, other properties are also important, such as viscosity, wettability, compatibility, etc., depending on the materials and the adhesive joint type.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1464420715602441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T20:53:50Z","timestamp":1441140830000},"page":"357-374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Adhesives in the footwear industry"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"230","author":[{"given":"Rosa MM","family":"Paiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPADE \u2013 Ind\u00fastria e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Produtos Adesivos, S.A., Avenida 1\u00b0 de Maio, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o da Madeira, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduardo AS","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI (Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lucas FM","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos AC","family":"Ant\u00f3nio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Ar\u00e1n-Ais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESCOP, Spanish Footwear Technology Institute, Pol\u00edgono Industrial Campo Alto. C\/Alemania, Elda (Alicante), Spain"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/104732299302215"},{"key":"bibr2-1464420715602441","unstructured":"Petrie EM. The role of adhesives in the shoe industry, www.specialschem.com 2007 (accessed 2014)."},{"key":"bibr3-1464420715602441","unstructured":"Falco APS.\n                      Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da Adesivos utilizados em solados de cal\u00e7ado de uso Marinha do Brasil\n                      . MSc. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2007."},{"key":"bibr4-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-01169-6"},{"key":"bibr5-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastor-Blas MM, Mart\u00edn-Mart\u00ednez JM and Boerio FJ. Influence of chlorinating solution concentration on the interactions produced between chlorinated thermoplastic rubber and polyurethane adhesive at the interface.\n                      J Adhes\n                      2001; 78(1): 39\u201377.","DOI":"10.1080\/00218460210379"},{"key":"bibr6-1464420715602441","unstructured":"ISO EN 15307:2014. Adhesives for leather and footwear materials. Sole-upper bonds. Minimum strength requirements."},{"key":"bibr7-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapato Noticias, n. 21 \u2013 APPICCAPS, fonte, www.dinheirovivo.pt (accessed 29 July 2014).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.circv.2014.02.004"},{"key":"bibr8-1464420715602441","unstructured":"NOT\u00cdCIAS RTP, n. 763488 \u2013 Economia, fonte, www.rtp.pt,\n                      Ind\u00fastria portuguesa do cal\u00e7ado \u00e9 \u201cbel\u00edssimo exemplo\u201d para outros sectores diz AICEP\n                      (accessed 2014)."},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr9-1464420715602441","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Costa AB","year":"2008","journal-title":"J ABET"},{"key":"bibr10-1464420715602441","volume-title":"Shoes \u2013 Their history in words and pictres","author":"Yue D","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr11-1464420715602441","unstructured":"Wilson M. Making comfortable footwear.\n                      SATRA Bulletin\n                      , October issue, 2009."},{"key":"bibr12-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09511920701416549"},{"key":"bibr13-1464420715602441","unstructured":"Ohren-Bird C.\n                      Non-bovine leather \u2013 a real alternative\n                      . SATRA Bulletin, July\/August issue, 2010."},{"key":"bibr14-1464420715602441","unstructured":"Technical Report ISO\/TR 20879:2007. Footwear \u2013 Performance requirements for components for footwear \u2013 uppers, first edition."},{"key":"bibr15-1464420715602441","unstructured":"George M. Guide to soling types.\n                      SATRA Bulletin\n                      , November issue, 2006."},{"key":"bibr16-1464420715602441","unstructured":"George M. 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Residual volatile organic compounds in footwear.\n                      SATRA Bulletin\n                      , December issue, 2010."},{"key":"bibr54-1464420715602441","unstructured":"Hindle S. An alternative to solvent-based sole attaching adhesive.\n                      SATRA Bulletin\n                      , Jul\/Aug issue, 2008."},{"key":"bibr55-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2196-4351-1-5"},{"key":"bibr56-1464420715602441","unstructured":"EN 1392:1998. 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Leather finishes \u2013 descriptions and definitions.\n                      SATRA Bulletin\n                      , July\/August issue, 2013."},{"key":"bibr66-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03602559.2010.482077"},{"key":"bibr67-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-7496(01)00005-7"},{"key":"bibr68-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-7496(96)00040-1"},{"key":"bibr69-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-7496(00)00048-8"},{"key":"bibr70-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-7496(03)00025-3"},{"key":"bibr71-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2004.03.001"},{"key":"bibr72-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero-S\u00e1nchez MD, Pastor-Blas MM, Ferr\u00e1ndiz-G\u00f3mez TP, et al. Durability of the halogenation in synthetic rubber.\n                      Int J Adhes Adhes\n                      2001; 21: 101\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-7496(00)00039-7"},{"key":"bibr73-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2014.971119"},{"key":"bibr74-1464420715602441","unstructured":"EN ISO 17708:2003. Footwear \u2013 Test methods for whole shoe \u2014 Upper sole adhesion, first edition."},{"key":"bibr75-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03602559.2010.496429"},{"key":"bibr76-1464420715602441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paiva RMM, Antonio CAC and da Silva LFM. 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