{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T15:10:53Z","timestamp":1770563453450,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Ti6Al4V alloy belongs to the most significant alloys within the conventional titanium alloys, namely for producing turbochargers impellers and human prostheses. TiAl alloys, because of its attractive properties, such as half density of any nickel-based alloys and excellent high temperature properties, exhibit excellent potential for aerospace turbines and turbocharger turbines application. Investment casting is a near net shape process with great interest for these kind of complex parts, but the processing of these alloys using this technique is still a challenge. In spite of these advantages, these alloys are highly reactive in their molten state, reacting with the ceramic shells used in investment casting, forming a hardened and brittle layer called alpha case on the cast alloy surface, rich in interstitial elements such as oxygen. It is commonly accepted that yttria-based face coats are the best solution for minimizing metal mold reaction, but this ceramic oxide is very expensive. So, the aim of this work is to test alternative materials to produce ceramic shells face coats. A test sample simulating both compressor wheels and turbines was developed and assembled in a wax tree for alpha case and fluidity evaluation. Reactivity studies were conducted based on microhardness measurements and microstructural analysis of \u03b3-TiAl and Ti6Al4V standard test samples, casted in shells with different face coat materials: fused Y<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, ZrSiO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, Al<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, yttria (6%) stabilized ZrO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and yttria stabilized ZrO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> with 10% fine Y<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (3\u20137\u2009\u00b5m). The results obtained showed that fused Y<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> face coat eliminates the alpha case, although affecting the fluidity, and \u03b3-TiAl castings have more misruns blades than Ti6Al4V castings. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1464420716681824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T10:11:24Z","timestamp":1487153484000},"page":"38-48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The influence of face coat material on reactivity and fluidity of the Ti6Al4V and TiAl alloys during investment casting"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"Rui L","family":"Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, INEGI, University of Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Teresa P","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, INEGI, University of Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge L","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, INEGI, University of Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago G","family":"Barrigana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, INEGI, University of Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1464420716681824","unstructured":"Rocha B. Desenvolvimento do processo de produ\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00f3teses em ligas de Tit\u00e2nio. Master Thesis, University of Porto, Portugal, 2010 (in Portuguese)."},{"key":"bibr2-1464420716681824","unstructured":"Barbosa JJ. Elabora\u00e7\u00e3o de Aluminetos de Tit\u00e2nio por Fus\u00e3o de Indu\u00e7\u00e3o em Cadinho Cer\u00e2mico e Vazamento em Molda\u00e7\u00e3o Cer\u00e2mica. PhD Thesis, University of Minho, Portugal, 2001 (in Portuguese)."},{"key":"bibr3-1464420716681824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527636204"},{"key":"bibr4-1464420716681824","unstructured":"Ngnekou PET. Microstructure, oxydation et propri\u00e9t\u00e9s m\u00e9caniques d\u2019alliages interm\u00e9talliques \u00e0 base de TiAl. PhD Thesis, Sciences et G\u00e9nie des Mat\u00e9riaux, l\u2019Institut National, Polytechnique de Toulouse, Toulouse, France, 2010."},{"key":"bibr5-1464420716681824","volume-title":"In: 13th World conference on investment casting","author":"Takahashi M","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr6-1464420716681824","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es A. Desenvolvimento do processo de fundi\u00e7\u00e3o de turbinas para turbocompressores em aluminetos de tit\u00e2nio. Master Thesis, University of Porto, Portugal, 2012 (in Portuguese)."},{"key":"bibr7-1464420716681824","volume-title":"Formation of alpha case mechanism on titanium investment cast parts, titanium alloys \u2013 towards achieving enhanced properties for diversified applications","author":"Sung S"},{"key":"bibr8-1464420716681824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(02)00907-X"},{"key":"bibr9-1464420716681824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2005.10.019"},{"key":"bibr10-1464420716681824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.11.006"},{"key":"bibr11-1464420716681824","volume":"3","author":"Tetsui T","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"bibr12-1464420716681824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2010.11.014"},{"key":"bibr13-1464420716681824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2010.03.003"},{"key":"bibr14-1464420716681824","unstructured":"Ellingham Diagrams, 2008, http:\/\/www.doitpoms.ac.uk\/tlplib\/ellingham_diagrams\/index.php."},{"key":"bibr15-1464420716681824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136404606X163497"},{"key":"bibr16-1464420716681824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.426-432.1933"},{"key":"bibr17-1464420716681824","first-page":"6, 0956","volume":"37","author":"Liu A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rare Metal Mater Eng"},{"key":"bibr18-1464420716681824","first-page":"6","volume":"31","author":"Boettinger WJ","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metallurg Mater Transact B"},{"key":"bibr19-1464420716681824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2006.11.004"},{"key":"bibr20-1464420716681824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201000264"},{"key":"bibr21-1464420716681824","first-page":"1","volume":"39","author":"Chan KS","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metallurg Mater Transact A"},{"key":"bibr22-1464420716681824","unstructured":"F\u00e9lix R. Desenvolvimento do Fabrico de Pr\u00f3teses por Fundi\u00e7\u00e3o de Precis\u00e3o \u00e0 Medida do Paciente. Master Thesis, University of Porto, Portugal, 2008 (in Portuguese)."},{"key":"bibr23-1464420716681824","unstructured":"Barrigana T. Estudo da reatividade de ligas de tit\u00e2nio e aluminetos de tit\u00e2nio fundidos com os refrat\u00e1rios de carapa\u00e7as cer\u00e2micas. Master Thesis, University of Porto, Portugal, 2013 (in Portuguese)."},{"key":"bibr24-1464420716681824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2012.05.005","volume":"29","author":"Cheng X","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"bibr25-1464420716681824","unstructured":"Duarte T, et\u00a0al. Manufacture ceramic shells for casting titanium components. 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