{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:50:29Z","timestamp":1777938629960,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CeFEMA, Project No. UIDB\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CeFEMA, Project No. UIDB\/04540\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IDMEC, under LAETA, Project UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDMEC, under LAETA, Project UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CTM-CTM\/3354\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTM-CTM\/3354\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, cellular materials made by the repetition of unit cells, that is, iron lattices have become appealing to mimic the structure of bone. The aim of the study is to choose the most adequate lattice structures, which have the compressive mechanical properties closer to the ones of bone, in the perspective of their use as temporary implants. Five types of unit cells were selected, such as, cubic (C), truncated octahedron (TO), truncated cubic (TC), rhombicuboctahedron (RCO), and rhombitrucated cuboctahedron (RTCO). The mechanical properties were assessed by numerical simulations with a finite-element analysis. The size effect was studied with the comparison of results among samples with different numbers of unit cells. Simulations covered a wide range of relative densities. Graded dense-in and dense-out configurations were constructed with lattices of types RTCO and TO, being the unit cells, themselves graded. Lattice structures RTCO and TO were found to be stable at every relative density studied, while C, TC and RCO lattices are unstable at low densities. The evaluation of size effects was not conclusive, which could be biased by other factors. The Young's modulus of RTCO and TO lattices enable to reproduce the properties of both trabecular and cortical bone, with an appropriate choice of the relative density. To mimic trabecular bone, only RTCO and TO structures with low relative densities, can be used, while arrangements of C, TC and RCO cells can only replicate the properties of cortical bone. Graded cells may have the same properties as non-graded with lower density.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14644207241241799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T02:57:19Z","timestamp":1711421839000},"page":"2217-2232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Compression properties of cellular iron lattice structures used to mimic bone characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"238","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Mechanical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o PG","family":"Magrinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Mechanical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5284-8391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria B","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Mechanical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-6245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augusto M","family":"de Deus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeFEMA, Mechanical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1629-523X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria F","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Mechanical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14644207241241799","first-page":"34","volume":"10","author":"Sansone V","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin CASES Miner BONE Metab"},{"key":"bibr2-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.1.2.229"},{"key":"bibr3-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40204-018-0091-4"},{"key":"bibr4-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2014.01.001"},{"key":"bibr5-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42242-020-00066-8"},{"key":"bibr6-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9080409"},{"key":"bibr7-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2019.04.013"},{"key":"bibr8-14644207241241799","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Advanced materials and their applications\u2013micro to nano scale","author":"Santos C","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr9-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820100304"},{"key":"bibr10-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66289-y"},{"key":"bibr11-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13020072"},{"key":"bibr12-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1464420715624449"},{"key":"bibr13-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.09.029"},{"key":"bibr14-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB00420C"},{"key":"bibr15-14644207241241799","unstructured":"Ansys Granta Selector, https:\/\/www.ansys.com\/products\/materials\/granta-selector (2023)."},{"key":"bibr16-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.3.1.307"},{"key":"bibr17-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.11.022"},{"key":"bibr18-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109776"},{"key":"bibr19-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.01.114"},{"key":"bibr20-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1464420720987860"},{"key":"bibr21-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14644207221142024"},{"key":"bibr22-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.12.038"},{"key":"bibr23-14644207241241799","volume-title":"Cellular solids: Structure and properties","author":"Gibson LJ","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr24-14644207241241799","volume":"230","author":"Liu Y","journal-title":"Compos Struct"},{"key":"bibr25-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.12.007"},{"key":"bibr26-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/407805"},{"key":"bibr27-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.02.003"},{"key":"bibr28-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma8041871"},{"key":"bibr29-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23075"},{"key":"bibr30-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.06.010"},{"key":"bibr31-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.06.012"},{"key":"bibr32-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.05.059"},{"key":"bibr33-14644207241241799","volume":"157","author":"Leary M","journal-title":"Mater Des"},{"key":"bibr34-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.07.011"},{"key":"bibr35-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2019.05.003"},{"key":"bibr36-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2021.100606"},{"key":"bibr37-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14644207231188709"},{"key":"bibr38-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2019.105342"},{"key":"bibr39-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2016.12.130"},{"key":"bibr40-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2018.01.013"},{"key":"bibr41-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.11.090"},{"key":"bibr42-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.12.013"},{"key":"bibr43-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2019.01.012"},{"key":"bibr44-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2010.0010"},{"key":"bibr45-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112461"},{"key":"bibr46-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2014.06.012"},{"key":"bibr47-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.07.059"},{"key":"bibr48-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2021.05.033"},{"key":"bibr49-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13215046"},{"key":"bibr50-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.07.013"},{"key":"bibr51-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2022.12.290"},{"key":"bibr52-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-38274-1_44"},{"key":"bibr53-14644207241241799","unstructured":"Mechanical testing of metals \u2013 Ductility testing \u2013 Compression test for porous and cellular metals.\n                      Int Organ Stand ISO 133142011\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr54-14644207241241799","volume-title":"Introduction to the human body - the essentials of anatomy and physiology","author":"Tortora G","year":"2012","edition":"9"},{"key":"bibr55-14644207241241799","unstructured":"Standard Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature.\n                      ASTM Int E9. Epub ahead of print\n                      2019. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/E0009-19.2."},{"key":"bibr56-14644207241241799","unstructured":"Neves P.\n                      Finite element modelling of iron corrosion behavior\n                      . Master thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 2021."},{"key":"bibr57-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2005.1678"},{"key":"bibr58-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.12.018"},{"key":"bibr59-14644207241241799","volume-title":"Advances in composite materials - analysis of natural and man-made materials","author":"Fatima Vaz M"},{"key":"bibr60-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/EMED_JOUR_1988_017_008_02"},{"key":"bibr61-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199308000-00009"},{"key":"bibr62-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.06.035"},{"key":"bibr63-14644207241241799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(91)90006-9"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14644207241241799","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14644207241241799","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14644207241241799","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:46:17Z","timestamp":1777697177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14644207241241799"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14644207241241799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14644207241241799","relation":{},"ISSN":["1464-4207","2041-3076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1464-4207","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]}}}