{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T02:04:14Z","timestamp":1771293854501,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586131200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tourism and Hospitality Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In the increasingly competitive hotel environment, decision-makers must consider the risks and benefits of remaining independent or affiliating with a brand or consortium. This research sought to understand the level of importance associated with a set of motivating factors considered by Portuguese four- and five-hoteliers as it relates to remaining independent or affiliating. The study results suggest that independent hoteliers rank control over decision making and shorter decision making as most important in remaining independent, and increased sales and more aggressive marketing as most important in the decision to affiliate. Affiliated hoteliers rank shorter decision making and absence of fees as most important in remaining independent, and increased sales, brand value, and more aggressive marketing as most important in the decision to affiliate. Interestingly, independence and freedom were considered less important in the decision to remain independent, by all respondents. We apply Hofstede\u2019s cultural dimensions theory to explain some of the key findings. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1467358420914369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T05:42:01Z","timestamp":1586238121000},"page":"450-465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Choosing independence or affiliation: The case of Portuguese four- and five-star hotels"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4561-6776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Tourism & Hospitality, Universidade Europeia, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Manuel Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning (IGOT), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade Europeia, Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2017.12.004"},{"key":"bibr2-1467358420914369","unstructured":"Almeida ASBA (2018) O fen\u00f3meno da coopeti\u00e7\u00e3o nas redes de hot\u00e9is \u2013 o caso dos cons\u00f3rcios de marketing hoteleiro. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Lisbon, Portugal. Available at: http:\/\/repositorio.ul.pt\/handle\/10451\/34415 (accessed 10 March 2020)."},{"key":"bibr3-1467358420914369","volume-title":"Marketing Definitions: A Glossary of Marketing Terms","author":"American Marketing Association","year":"1960"},{"key":"bibr4-1467358420914369","unstructured":"Andersen A (2000) Boutique hotels an Australian perspective. Available at: www.hotelonline.com\/Trends\/Andersen\/2001_Boutique Perspective.html (accessed 10 March 2020)."},{"key":"bibr5-1467358420914369","volume-title":"Hotel Front Office Management","author":"Bardi JA","year":"2003","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr6-1467358420914369","unstructured":"Braun R (2013) To brand or not to brand (your hotel). Global Hospitality Group Blog. Available at: www.hospitalitynet.org\/opinion\/4060100.html (accessed 10 March 2020)."},{"key":"bibr7-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4506.2007.00083.x"},{"key":"bibr8-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15022250.2012.748506"},{"key":"bibr9-1467358420914369","unstructured":"Carlb\u00e4ck M (2016) Independent or Flagged? The Decision to Affiliate to a Chain. The Routledge Handbook of Hotel Chain Management. New York: Routledge, pp. 385\u2013394."},{"key":"bibr10-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8490039"},{"key":"bibr11-1467358420914369","unstructured":"Freund de Klumbis D (2002) Seeking the ultimate hotel experience. In: XIIe International Leisure and Tourism Symposium ESADE-Fira de Barcelona, Barcelona, Gesti\u00f3n en H, No. 11, May\u2013June 2003, pp. 58\u201376."},{"key":"bibr12-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2017.02.003"},{"key":"bibr13-1467358420914369","volume-title":"Culture\u2019s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values","author":"Hofstede G","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr14-1467358420914369","first-page":"335","volume-title":"Expiscations in Cross-Cultural Psychology","author":"Hofstede G","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr15-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01733682"},{"key":"bibr16-1467358420914369","volume-title":"Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind","author":"Hofstede G","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr17-1467358420914369","volume-title":"Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival","author":"Hofstede G","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr18-1467358420914369","unstructured":"Hoisingtone A (2019) Soft-brand collections: The new norm? Hotel Management. Available at: www.hotelmanagement.net\/own\/soft-brand-collections-new-norm?fbclid=IwAR3vRbGFMxKmtIZm8ZNCyGP5BT8RL4nsvK2oc_e81faG162Gz7M9-tntZkE (accessed 10 March 2020)."},{"key":"bibr19-1467358420914369","unstructured":"Holverson S, Holverson K, Mungall A, et\u00a0al. (2010) The strategic importance of affiliation with lifestyle consortia for small and medium-sized independent hotels. Final report. Lausanne Hospitality Research. Available at: http:\/\/publications.ehl.edu\/fre\/content\/download\/\u2026\/Final%20Report%20.pdf (accessed 10 March 2020)."},{"key":"bibr20-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09596110610673538"},{"key":"bibr21-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmp.2015.08.001"},{"key":"bibr22-1467358420914369","volume-title":"The Choice of Type of Affiliation to a Chain by the Individual Hotel. The Routledge Handbook of Hotel Chain Management","author":"Ivanov S","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr23-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315752532"},{"key":"bibr24-1467358420914369","unstructured":"INE (2010) Estat\u00edsticas do Turismo, 2010, Instituo Nacional de Estat\u00edsticas. Available at: http:\/\/ine.cv\/fr\/publicacoes\/estatisticas-do-turismo-7\/ (accessed 10 March 2020)."},{"key":"bibr25-1467358420914369","unstructured":"INE (2017) Estat\u00edsticas do Turismo, 2017, Instituo Nacional de Estat\u00edsticas. ISBN | 978-989-25-0447-6. Avaiabe at: https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=INE+(2017)+Estat%C3%ADsticas+do+Turismo,+2017,+Instituo+Nacional+de+Estat%C3%ADsticas.+ISBN+%7C+978-989-25-0447-&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8"},{"key":"bibr26-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10490-010-9228-2"},{"key":"bibr27-1467358420914369","volume-title":"The Routledge Handbook of Hotel Chain Management","author":"Koutoula D","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr28-1467358420914369","volume-title":"Towards a Competence Theory of the Region","author":"Lawson C","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr29-1467358420914369","first-page":"6","volume":"5","author":"Marvel M","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ehlite Magazine"},{"key":"bibr30-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2018.06.007"},{"key":"bibr31-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-6989(02)00036-X"},{"key":"bibr32-1467358420914369","unstructured":"Miguel IC (2001) Uma an\u00e1lise do diferencial competitivo de hot\u00e9is associados a cadeias hoteleiras internacionais. Disserta\u00e7\u00e3o doutoral, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Get\u00falio Vergas, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil."},{"key":"bibr33-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022110388567"},{"key":"bibr34-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09596119810227802"},{"key":"bibr35-1467358420914369","volume-title":"The Routledge Handbook of Hotel Chain Managemnt","author":"Mulindwa D","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr36-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2010.08.003"},{"key":"bibr37-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348004264081"},{"key":"bibr38-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287509355327"},{"key":"bibr39-1467358420914369","volume-title":"International Dictionary of Hospitality Management","author":"Pizam A","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr40-1467358420914369","unstructured":"PricewaterhouseCoopers (2006) Standing out in a crowd: PricewaterhouseCoopers\u2019 fourth European Lifestyle Hotel Survey 2006. Hospitality Directions Europe Edition, (14 September 2006). Available at: www.hospitalitynet.org\/file\/152002774.pdf (accessed 10 March 2020)."},{"key":"bibr41-1467358420914369","first-page":"523","volume":"39","author":"Quesada FBC","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anuario Jur\u00eddico y Econ\u00f3mico Escurialense"},{"key":"bibr42-1467358420914369","volume-title":"Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o e Gest\u00e3o Hoteleira","author":"Quintas MA","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr43-1467358420914369","volume":"22","author":"Rushmore S","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hotels (February)"},{"key":"bibr44-1467358420914369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1938965514564214"},{"key":"bibr45-1467358420914369","unstructured":"UNWTO (1997) Report on the development of the accommodation sector. Available at: www.e-unwto.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.18111\/9789284411306 (accessed 10 March 2020)."},{"key":"bibr46-1467358420914369","unstructured":"UNWTO (2019) International tourist arrivals reach 1.4 billion two years ahead of forecasts (Press release). United Nations World Tourism Organization. Available at: www2.unwto.org\/press-release\/2019-01-21\/international-tourist-arrivals-reach-14-billion-two-years-ahead-forecasts (accessed 10 March 2020)."},{"key":"bibr47-1467358420914369","unstructured":"Xotels (2019) The top five characteristics of independent hotels. Available at: https:\/\/xotelsmarketing.wordpress.com\/2017\/07\/31\/xotels-the-top-5-characteristics-of-independent-hotels\/ (accessed 10 March 2020)."}],"container-title":["Tourism and Hospitality Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1467358420914369","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1467358420914369","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1467358420914369","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T04:49:57Z","timestamp":1740890997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1467358420914369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1467358420914369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1467358420914369","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3584","1742-9692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3584","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-9692","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]}}}