{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T12:49:19Z","timestamp":1768913359218,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,14]],"date-time":"2019-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IF\/01587\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/01587\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Political Theory"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Epistemic impairment has been the decisive yardstick when excluding infants from political agency. One of the suggestions to bypass the epistemic requirement of political agency and to encourage the inclusion of infants in representative democracies is to resort to proxies or surrogates who share or advocate interests which may be coincidental with their interests. However, this solution is far from desirable, given that it privileges the political agency of parents, guardians and trustees over other adult citizens. This article offers an alternative to this conceptual frame of reference by making a case for the political agency of infants. Firstly, it maintains that political agency can be understood in terms of the several facets involved in political representation. Secondly, it claims that the all-affected principle can be reformulated as an \u2018infant-affected-interests principle\u2019 in light of which infants are members of the class of the represented. Thirdly, it explores the ways through which this political agency can occur without having to resort to alternative conceptions of representation. The conclusion ascertains that infant enfranchisement is highly undesirable and that there are more viable forms to promote infant political agency, such as virtual representation, infant-beneficial principles of political action and ombudspersons for infants. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1474885119874341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,14]],"date-time":"2019-09-14T13:17:56Z","timestamp":1568467076000},"page":"368-389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Infant political agency: Redrawing the epistemic boundaries of democratic inclusion"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0836-010X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre Santos","family":"Campos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1474885114554465"},{"key":"bibr2-1474885119874341","volume-title":"Real Choices\/New Voices","author":"Amy DJ","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr3-1474885119874341","volume-title":"Children: Rights and Childhood","author":"Archard D","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr4-1474885119874341","first-page":"89","volume":"1","author":"Arrhenius G","year":"2018","journal-title":", Politics & Society"},{"key":"bibr5-1474885119874341","volume-title":"A Right to Representation","author":"Barber KL","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr6-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-5661.2008.00298.x"},{"key":"bibr7-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230244962"},{"key":"bibr8-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400882939"},{"key":"bibr9-1474885119874341","first-page":"53","volume-title":"The Moral and Political Status of Children","author":"Brennan S","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr10-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9760.2008.00316.x"},{"key":"bibr11-1474885119874341","volume-title":"The Works of the Right Honorable Edmund Burke","author":"Burke E","year":"1887"},{"key":"bibr12-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198297475.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr13-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0199268940.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr14-1474885119874341","volume-title":"Democracy","author":"Cohen C","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr15-1474885119874341","first-page":"23","volume":"1","author":"Colapietro V","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal for Dialogical Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr16-1474885119874341","first-page":"439","volume":"16","author":"Cook P","year":"2013","journal-title":"CRISPP"},{"key":"bibr17-1474885119874341","volume-title":"Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on Child-friendly Justice","author":"Council of Europe","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr18-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/cpt.2011.43"},{"key":"bibr19-1474885119874341","volume-title":"Post-Democracy","author":"Crouch C","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr20-1474885119874341","volume-title":"After the Revolution","author":"Dahl R","year":"1970"},{"key":"bibr21-1474885119874341","volume-title":"Democracy and Its Critics","author":"Dahl R","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr22-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/gso.2002.0004"},{"key":"bibr23-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055408080325"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr24-1474885119874341","first-page":"920","volume":"36","author":"Duhn I","year":"2015","journal-title":"Discourse"},{"key":"bibr25-1474885119874341","first-page":"124","volume-title":"Whose Child","author":"Feinberg J","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr26-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9783\/9780812208177.236"},{"key":"bibr27-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1088-4963.2007.00098.x"},{"key":"bibr28-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199238781.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr29-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-8963-2"},{"key":"bibr30-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0309132512473869"},{"key":"bibr31-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716210382395"},{"key":"bibr32-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003975602001017"},{"key":"bibr33-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716210383642"},{"key":"bibr34-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0907568204040182"},{"key":"bibr35-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5840\/soctheorpract20144013"},{"key":"bibr36-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195044294.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr37-1474885119874341","volume-title":"The Life and Death of Democracy","author":"Keane J","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr38-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230523630"},{"key":"bibr39-1474885119874341","volume-title":"Multicultural Citizenship","author":"Kymlicka W","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr40-1474885119874341","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Children and Citizenship","author":"Liebel M","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr41-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1565-3404.1165"},{"key":"bibr42-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9760.2005.00221.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr43-1474885119874341","first-page":"305","volume":"62","author":"MacCormick N","year":"1976","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie"},{"key":"bibr44-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004297432"},{"key":"bibr45-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055403000856"},{"key":"bibr46-1474885119874341","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Philosophy in Schools","author":"Matthews GB","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr47-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1088-4963.2009.01158.x"},{"key":"bibr48-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108297721"},{"key":"bibr49-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1088-4963.2005.00027.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr50-1474885119874341","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"Nishiyama K","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Public Deliberation"},{"key":"bibr51-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/egp.v5i3.18617"},{"key":"bibr52-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1088-4963.1998.tb00072.x"},{"key":"bibr53-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1470594X17705651"},{"key":"bibr54-1474885119874341","volume-title":"The Politics of Presence","author":"Phillips A","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr55-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520340503"},{"key":"bibr56-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-7093.2005.tb00490.x"},{"key":"bibr57-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511509674"},{"key":"bibr58-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2508.2006.00365.x"},{"key":"bibr59-1474885119874341","volume-title":"Citizens, Families and Reform","author":"Ringen S","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr60-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511755835"},{"key":"bibr61-1474885119874341","volume-title":"On the Side of Angels","author":"Rosenblum NL","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr62-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2508.2007.00563.x"},{"key":"bibr63-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9760.2008.00309.x"},{"key":"bibr64-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199579389.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr65-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1470594X04046248"},{"key":"bibr66-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7591\/9781501718236"},{"key":"bibr67-1474885119874341","volume-title":"The Moral Foundations of Rights","author":"Sumner LW","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr68-1474885119874341","volume-title":"Populist Democracy: A Defence","author":"T\u00e4nnsj\u00f6 T","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr69-1474885119874341","volume-title":"The End of Representative Politics","author":"Tormey S","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr70-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13698230.2018.1511172"},{"key":"bibr71-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0090591700028006003"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr72-1474885119874341","first-page":"13","volume":"4","author":"Wald P","year":"1974","journal-title":"Human Rights"},{"key":"bibr73-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/cye.2014.0050"},{"key":"bibr74-1474885119874341","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Liberal Democracy","author":"Whelan FG","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr75-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199684175.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr76-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400822782"},{"key":"bibr77-1474885119874341","volume-title":"Democracy and Inclusion","author":"Young IM","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr78-1474885119874341","first-page":"192","volume":"4","author":"Zakaras A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy"},{"key":"bibr79-1474885119874341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0304375413512098"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Political Theory"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1474885119874341","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1474885119874341","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1474885119874341","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T23:30:46Z","timestamp":1740785446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1474885119874341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,14]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1474885119874341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1474885119874341","relation":{},"ISSN":["1474-8851","1741-2730"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-8851","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2730","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,14]]}}}