{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T08:05:25Z","timestamp":1771488325653,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,27]],"date-time":"2018-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/90745\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/90745\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Educational Research Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Despite the increase of research on international students, the complexity of their learning experiences is yet to be fully understood. This study seeks to provide an expanded vision of their learning by considering students\u2019 experiences beyond formal educational spaces, focusing especially on their out-of-classroom experiences. To achieve this, the narratives of 12 international students in Portugal were analysed in light of the theory of transformative learning. The results indicate that all students experienced particular forms of learning as an outcome of their international experience and were engaged in transformative learning processes. Moreover, the theory of transformative learning proved to be an appropriate analytical tool for understanding the learning narratives of international higher education students. Through the analysis of the transformative effects of engaging with a foreign cultural context, this paper makes a contribution to the ongoing debate on transformative learning and the experience of international students in the European context. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1474904118765334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]],"date-time":"2018-03-28T04:05:46Z","timestamp":1522209946000},"page":"696-713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["\u2018You went to Europe and returned different\u2019: Transformative learning experiences of international students in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5780-1763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosmin I","family":"Nada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Intervention in Education (CIIE), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, University of Bath, UK"}]},{"given":"Helena C","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Intervention in Education (CIIE), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02660830.2002.11661458"},{"key":"bibr2-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13583883.2004.9967114"},{"key":"bibr3-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/rhe.2001.0013"},{"key":"bibr4-1474904118765334","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Telling Women Teachers\u2019 Lives","author":"Ara\u00fajo HC","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr5-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03075070500095713"},{"key":"bibr6-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2014.03.003"},{"key":"bibr8-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315307303924"},{"key":"bibr9-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230305588"},{"key":"bibr10-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2009.03.002"},{"key":"bibr11-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2011.614940"},{"key":"bibr12-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/psp.1749"},{"key":"bibr13-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hequ.12030"},{"key":"bibr14-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315314563079"},{"key":"bibr15-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003961327009"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr17-1474904118765334","first-page":"1","volume":"53","author":"Commander N","year":"2015","journal-title":"Innovations in Education and Teaching International"},{"key":"bibr18-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ace.36719935707"},{"key":"bibr19-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741713616648376"},{"key":"bibr20-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741713612456418"},{"key":"bibr21-1474904118765334","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Teaching International Students: Improving Learning For All","author":"De Vita G","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr22-1474904118765334","volume-title":"Internationalization of Higher Education in the United States of America and Europe: A Historical, Comparative, and Conceptual Analysis","author":"de Wit H","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr23-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3588331"},{"key":"bibr24-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541344611428227"},{"key":"bibr25-1474904118765334","volume-title":"Lifelong Learning and the New Educational Order","author":"Field J","year":"2006","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr26-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-5661.2011.00454.x"},{"key":"bibr27-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315308322060"},{"key":"bibr28-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03057920903115983"},{"key":"bibr29-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03057920701582731"},{"key":"bibr30-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789087906870_004"},{"key":"bibr31-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/psp.409"},{"key":"bibr32-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741713615611216"},{"key":"bibr33-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741713616674076"},{"key":"bibr35-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540962.2013.763416"},{"key":"bibr36-1474904118765334","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Learning as Transformation: Critical Perspectives on a Theory in Progress","author":"Kegan R","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr37-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/he.393"},{"key":"bibr38-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691830903426838"},{"key":"bibr39-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-011-0084-3"},{"key":"bibr40-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/psp.1746"},{"key":"bibr41-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18806\/tesl.v17i2.887"},{"key":"bibr42-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541344614538120"},{"key":"bibr43-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2011.598454"},{"key":"bibr44-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315314547822"},{"key":"bibr45-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1474904114565155"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr46-1474904118765334","first-page":"238","volume":"17","author":"Madison G","year":"2006","journal-title":"Existential Analysis"},{"key":"bibr47-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767720500046179"},{"key":"bibr48-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074171368103200101"},{"key":"bibr49-1474904118765334","volume-title":"Fostering Critical Reflection in Adulthood: A Guide to Transformative and Emancipatory Learning","author":"Mezirow J","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr50-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13639080.2015.1049023"},{"key":"bibr51-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-230-36500-1"},{"key":"bibr52-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315308321994"},{"key":"bibr53-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541344611421491"},{"key":"bibr54-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741713612465467"},{"key":"bibr55-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3384\/rela.2000-7426.rela9044"},{"key":"bibr56-1474904118765334","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Intercultural Experience and Education","author":"Murphy-Lejeune E","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr57-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JME-09-2016-0049"},{"key":"bibr58-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741713610392768"},{"key":"bibr59-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741713614543173"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr60-1474904118765334","first-page":"1035","volume":"9","author":"Osborne D","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sino\u2013US English Teaching"},{"key":"bibr61-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315302250177"},{"key":"bibr62-1474904118765334","volume-title":"Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods","author":"Patton MQ","year":"2015","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr63-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315308319508"},{"key":"bibr64-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183X.2013.815426"},{"key":"bibr65-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17450101.2015.1087761"},{"key":"bibr66-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0951839950080103"},{"key":"bibr67-1474904118765334","first-page":"695","volume-title":"Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method","author":"Riessman CK","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr68-1474904118765334","volume-title":"Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences","author":"Riessman CK","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr69-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2304\/eerj.2014.13.2.143"},{"key":"bibr70-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2012.751088"},{"key":"bibr71-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2011.08.004"},{"key":"bibr72-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741713611402046"},{"key":"bibr73-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315305280938"},{"key":"bibr74-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074171369404400303"},{"key":"bibr75-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02601370701219475"},{"key":"bibr76-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2304\/eerj.2013.12.3.367"},{"key":"bibr77-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6209-971-5_7"},{"key":"bibr78-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315308329789"},{"key":"bibr79-1474904118765334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/psp.1833"},{"key":"bibr80-1474904118765334","volume-title":"Academic Practice: Developing as a Professional in Higher Education","author":"Weller S","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr81-1474904118765334","first-page":"62","volume":"8","author":"Webb S","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning"}],"container-title":["European Educational Research Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1474904118765334","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1474904118765334","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1474904118765334","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T13:28:45Z","timestamp":1740835725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1474904118765334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,27]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1474904118765334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1474904118765334","relation":{},"ISSN":["1474-9041","1474-9041"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-9041","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-9041","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,27]]}}}