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Drawing on legislative materials, it identifies and describes the different forms or modalities of national testing and other assessment tools that have been used at basic and secondary school levels. Drawing on the texts of Ministers for Education (from documents and interviews), government programmes, and other official texts concerning the adoption of national testing, it describes and analyses the various ways of interpreting the regulatory rationale based on results of the aforementioned period. The article highlights three main areas of tension around which the different approaches to interpreting these results-oriented regulatory processes are structured in Portugal \u2013 accountability models, regulatory models and legitimating principles for the education system \u2013 and how they are overcome in the Portuguese context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1474904119858799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]],"date-time":"2019-07-03T07:44:32Z","timestamp":1562139872000},"page":"125-141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Depicting the faces of results-oriented regulatory processes in Portugal: National testing in policy texts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0301-1592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Miguel","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Estela","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Sant\u2019Ovaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1474904119858799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35362\/rie530555"},{"key":"bibr2-1474904119858799","first-page":"7","volume":"4","author":"Afonso AJ","year":"1994","journal-title":"F\u00f3rum Sociol\u00f3gico"},{"key":"bibr3-1474904119858799","volume-title":"Pol\u00edticas Educativas e Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Educacional","author":"Afonso AJ","year":"1998"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr4-1474904119858799","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1590\/S1414-40772014000200013","volume":"19","author":"Afonso AJ","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o"},{"key":"bibr5-1474904119858799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-73302003000100004"},{"key":"bibr6-1474904119858799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-73302005000300002"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr7-1474904119858799","first-page":"9","volume":"3","author":"Barroso J","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evaluer: Journal international de Recherche en Education et Formation"},{"key":"bibr8-1474904119858799","first-page":"69","volume":"34","author":"Benavente A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Revista Ibero-Americana de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o"},{"key":"bibr9-1474904119858799","volume-title":"De la justification: Les \u00c9conomies de la Grandeur","author":"Boltanski L","year":"1991"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr10-1474904119858799","first-page":"81","volume":"12","author":"Correia JA","year":"1999","journal-title":"Revista Portuguesa de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o"},{"key":"bibr11-1474904119858799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-24782010000300005"},{"key":"bibr12-1474904119858799","first-page":"19","author":"Crato N","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veja"},{"key":"bibr13-1474904119858799","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Pr\u00e9-escolar, Ensino B\u00e1sico e Secund\u00e1rio, Rela\u00e7\u00f5es Internacionais 2011\u20132015","author":"Crato N","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr14-1474904119858799","volume-title":"Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica no. 15 \u2013 I S\u00e9rie A, 258-262","author":"Decree-Law 6\/2001","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr15-1474904119858799","volume-title":"Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica no. 240 \u2013 I S\u00e9rie A, 6807-6810","author":"Decree-Law 209\/02","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr16-1474904119858799","volume-title":"Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica no. 73 \u2013 I S\u00e9rie A, 1931-1942","author":"Decree-Law 74\/2004","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr17-1474904119858799","volume-title":"Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica no. 129 \u2013 I S\u00e9rie, 3476-3491","author":"Decree-Law 139\/2012","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr18-1474904119858799","volume-title":"Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica no. 65 \u2013 I S\u00e9rie, 1123-1127","author":"Decree-Law 17\/2016","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr19-1474904119858799","volume-title":"Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica no. 34 \u2013 II S\u00e9rie, 1144-1145","author":"Dispatch 23\/ME\/83","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr20-1474904119858799","volume-title":"Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica no. 216 \u2013 II S\u00e9rie, 9721","author":"Dispatch 60SEED\/94","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr21-1474904119858799","volume-title":"Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica no. 58 \u2013 II S\u00e9rie, 4613","author":"Dispatch 5437\/2000","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr22-1474904119858799","first-page":"7","volume":"5","author":"Dupriez V","year":"2011","journal-title":"\u00c9ducation Compar\u00e9e: Revue de Recherche Internationale et Comparative en \u00c9ducation"},{"key":"bibr23-1474904119858799","volume-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o das Aprendizagens - 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