{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:51:28Z","timestamp":1777942288382,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.07689.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07689.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Structural Health Monitoring"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Adhesive joints are prone to various types of damage sources, which may not be identifiable with current non-destructive tests (NDTs). Structural health monitoring techniques, such as those based on electromechanical impedance spectroscopy (EMIS), aim to outperform NDTs in damage detection, by continuously monitoring structures. Although the EMIS-based algorithmic performance of damage detection has been evaluated on metallic and composite components, integrity monitoring of adhesive joints is yet to be fully determined. Therefore, this article investigates the use of multidimensional scaling (MDS) to cluster and visualize experimental impedance measurements of bonded joints in a three dimensional space. With these results, an Euclidean distance\n                    <jats:italic>damage metric<\/jats:italic>\n                    is used to try and classify the type of damage. The results show that damage detection is easily performed with the MDS algorithm, but effectiveness is dependent on the spectral measurement conditions. Furthermore, reduced dimensional spaces can yield information regarding the size and location of the damage in the adhesive layer, yielding increased knowledge on the integrity of structural adhesive joints.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14759217241258666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T08:43:12Z","timestamp":1721810592000},"page":"2559-2578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pattern recognition in electromechanical impedance spectroscopy damage detection of adhesive joints using multidimensional scaling"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Francisco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6410-0196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G","family":"Tenreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio M","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lucas FM","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giurgiutiu V. Structural health monitoring with piezoelectric wafer active sensors. 2nd ed. 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Structural health monitoring: a machine learning perspective. Chichester, West Sussex, UK; Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09544062221086410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1117\/12.484050","volume-title":"Proceedings Volume 5047, smart nondestructive evaluation and health monitoring of structural and biological systems II","volume":"5047","author":"Giurgiutiu V","unstructured":"Giurgiutiu V, Kropas-Hughes CV. Comparative study of neural network damage detection from a statistical set of electro-mechanical impedance spectra. In: Proceedings Volume 5047, smart nondestructive evaluation and health monitoring of structural and biological systems II, volume 5047. San Diego, CA, USA, p. 108. SPIE."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2013.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092955"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/727404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2004.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834828","DOI":"10.1117\/12.915453","volume-title":"Proceedings Volume 8348, health monitoring of structural and biological systems 2012","volume":"8348","author":"Rabiei M","unstructured":"Rabiei M, Sheldon J, Palmer C. An impedance-based approach for detection and quanti\ufb01cation of damage in cracked plates and loose bolts in bridge structures. In: Proceedings Volume 8348, health monitoring of structural and biological systems 2012, volume 8348, San Diego, CA, USA, p. 834828. SPIE."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2014.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2022.2072733"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55411-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2022.2082291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2020.103670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91214-3.00033-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2019.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.2849"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2023.102865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921717732331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X12440754"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","volume-title":"Proceedings Volume 5062, smart materials, structures, and systems","volume":"5062","author":"Bhalla S","unstructured":"Bhalla S, Surendra A, Soh CK. In\ufb02uence of structure-actuator interactions and temperature on piezoelectric mechatronic signatures for NDE. In: Proceedings Volume 5062, smart materials, structures, and systems, volume 5062, Bangalore, India. SPIE."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2019.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","volume-title":"Modern multidimensional scaling: theory and applications","author":"Borg I","year":"2005","unstructured":"Borg I, Groenen PJF. Modern multidimensional scaling: theory and applications. 2nd ed. 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Standard American Society for Testing and Materials West Conshohocken PA USA 2004."}],"container-title":["Structural Health Monitoring"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14759217241258666","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14759217241258666","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14759217241258666","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:47:55Z","timestamp":1777704475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14759217241258666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14759217241258666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14759217241258666","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-9217","1741-3168"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-9217","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3168","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]}}}