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One of the greatest challenges of designing with these materials is their dynamic nature, which requires architects to design with the fourth dimension, time. This article presents a study that formalizes the shape-changing behavior of three-dimensional printed wood-based composite materials and the rules that serve to compute their shape-change in response to variations in relative humidity. In this research, we first developed custom three-dimensional printing protocols and analyzed the effects of three-dimensional printing parameters on shape-change. We thereafter three-dimensional printed kirigami geometries to amplify hygroscopic material transformation of wood-based composites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1478077119895216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]],"date-time":"2019-12-25T05:45:08Z","timestamp":1577252708000},"page":"67-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Formalizing shape-change: Three-dimensional printed shapes and hygroscopic material transformations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1765-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}]},{"given":"Benay","family":"G\u00fcrsoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}]},{"given":"Jose Pinto","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-35150-6"},{"key":"bibr2-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780080480954"},{"key":"bibr3-1478077119895216","first-page":"118","volume-title":"Material design: informing architecture by materiality","author":"Kennedy S","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr4-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1260\/1478-0771.9.4.397"},{"key":"bibr5-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10464883.2016.1122479"},{"key":"bibr6-1478077119895216","first-page":"41","volume":"7","author":"Yoon J","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Facade Des Eng"},{"key":"bibr7-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2014.02.010"},{"key":"bibr8-1478077119895216","first-page":"107","volume":"6","author":"Juaristi M","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Facade Des Eng"},{"key":"bibr9-1478077119895216","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd ECAADe Conference - Volume 2","author":"Worre Foged I"},{"key":"bibr10-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su9030435"},{"key":"bibr11-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.10.042"},{"key":"bibr12-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4544"},{"key":"bibr13-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2017.08.026"},{"key":"bibr14-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.136"},{"key":"bibr15-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.134"},{"key":"bibr16-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1478077115625522"},{"key":"bibr17-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.02.018"},{"key":"bibr18-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/3dp.2015.0022"},{"key":"bibr19-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9092"},{"key":"bibr20-1478077119895216","volume-title":"Deployable structures","volume":"412","author":"Pellegrino S","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr21-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201800284"},{"key":"bibr22-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4305\/METU.JFA.2009.2.12"},{"key":"bibr23-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000323"},{"key":"bibr24-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2018.01.082"},{"key":"bibr25-1478077119895216","unstructured":"Stiny G, Gips J. Shape grammars and the generative specification of painting and sculpture. In:\n                      IFIP congress, information processing 71\n                      , https:\/\/architecture.mit.edu\/publication\/shape-grammars-and-generative-specification-painting-and-sculpture"},{"key":"bibr26-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2015.08.007"},{"key":"bibr27-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2015.08.006"},{"key":"bibr28-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120718"},{"key":"bibr29-1478077119895216","volume-title":"Computing for a Better Tomorrow - Proceedings of the 36th ECAADe Conference - Volume 2","author":"Abdelmohsen S"},{"key":"bibr30-1478077119895216","first-page":"112","volume":"2","author":"Baseta E","year":"2015","journal-title":"Innochain Netw J"},{"key":"bibr31-1478077119895216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazquez E, G\u00fcrsoy B, Duarte J. Designing for shape change - a case study on 3D printing composite materials for responsive architectures. In: Intelligent & Informed - Proceedings of the 24th CAADRIA Conference - Volume 2 (eds Haeusler M, Schnabel MA, Fukuda T), 15\u201318 April 2019, pp. 391\u2013400. 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