{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T04:32:10Z","timestamp":1790483530836,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,9]],"date-time":"2018-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523232000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The MacDonald triad posits that animal cruelty, fire setting, and bed wetting in childhood is indicative of later aggressive and violent behavior in adults. Researchers refer to this phenomenon as a precursor to later antisocial behaviors including serial and sexual murder; while practitioners cite the triad in clinical formulations and risk assessments. However, there is yet to be a critical review and consolidation of the literature that establishes whether there is empirical support. This article explores the validity of the triad. We conducted a narrative review of the relevant studies examining the MacDonald triad and its individual constituents. There is evidence that any one of the triad behaviors could predict future violent offending, but it is very rare to find all three behaviors together as predictors. Thus, the empirical research on the MacDonald triad does not fully substantiate its premise. Rather, it would appear that the triad, or its individual constituents, is better used as an indicator of dysfunctional home environments, or poor coping skills in children. Future research is needed with robust and rigorous methodologies (e.g., adequate control groups, longitudinal designs) to fully establish the MacDonald triad\u2019s validity. Finally, further consideration is needed as to whether the triad behaviors are more indicative of other problematic outcomes (e.g., maladaptive coping to life stressors).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018764164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,9]],"date-time":"2018-04-09T21:40:04Z","timestamp":1523310004000},"page":"300-310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Not the Sum of Its Parts: A Critical Review of the MacDonald Triad"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Charlotte Hannah","family":"Parfitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research and Education in Forensic Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4335-7176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Alleyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research and Education in Forensic Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1524838018764164","volume-title":"Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist\/4\u201318 and 1991 profile","author":"Achenbach T.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr2-1524838018764164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr3-1524838018764164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626099014009004"},{"key":"bibr5-1524838018764164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2752\/089279393787002105"},{"key":"bibr6-1524838018764164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e304142003-001"},{"key":"bibr7-1524838018764164","first-page":"3.1","volume-title":"Child victimisation: Maltreatment, bullying and dating violence; prevention and intervention","author":"Ascione F. 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