{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:47:26Z","timestamp":1772779646560,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,17]],"date-time":"2011-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Field Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This article summarizes the work of the Comparative Cognitive Testing Workgroup, an international coalition of survey methodologists interested in developing an evidence-based methodology for examining the comparability of survey questions within cross-cultural or multinational contexts. To meet this objective, it was necessary to ensure that the cognitive interviewing (CI) method itself did not introduce method bias. Therefore, the workgroup first identified specific characteristics inherent in CI methodology that could undermine the comparability of CI evidence. The group then developed and implemented a protocol addressing those issues. In total, 135 cognitive interviews were conducted by participating countries. Through the process, the group identified various interpretive patterns resulting from sociocultural and language-related differences among countries as well as other patterns of error that would impede comparability of survey data. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822x11414802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,18]],"date-time":"2011-10-18T02:56:31Z","timestamp":1318906591000},"page":"379-396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Design and Analysis of Cognitive Interviews for Comparative Multinational Testing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kristen","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD, USA"}]},{"given":"Rory","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Comparative Social Surveys, Social Science Building, City University, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Luis","family":"Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Psychology and Methodology, School of Psychology, University of Granada, Spain"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Willson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD, USA"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Widdop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Comparative Social Surveys, Social Science Building, City University, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Caspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Dimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Social Analyses (ASA), Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Centre for Social Research, London, UK"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Pr\u00fcfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim, Germany"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Sch\u00f6bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SIDOS, Marin-Epagnier, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Alis\u00fa","family":"Schoua-Glusberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1525822X11414802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470609927.ch26"},{"key":"bibr2-1525822X11414802","volume-title":"Testing for eqxe interviewing","author":"Fitzgerald R.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr3-1525822X11414802","volume-title":"The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research","author":"Glaser B.","year":"1967"},{"key":"bibr4-1525822X11414802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1479-3547(05)04004-2"},{"key":"bibr5-1525822X11414802","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Cross-cultural survey equivalence","author":"Harkness J. 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