{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T23:52:20Z","timestamp":1771631540606,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Qualitative Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Conducting cross-cultural, multi-lingual and multi-country focus groups represents unique logistic and analytical challenges. However, there is little guidance for the necessary considerations required for such international focus groups. Based on the author\u2019s experience of conducting such research, this publication documents the different stages of planning, fieldwork, analysis and dissemination, and how to mitigate possible challenges and overcome them. It is essential to set up an adequate research team with the linguist and cultural background required. All researchers should have the necessary training in qualitative methods and follow a standardised approach in the facilitation of focus groups across the different countries and in the analysis of the data, ideally in their original languages. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069211049929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T11:59:38Z","timestamp":1636113578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Conducting Cross-Cultural, Multi-Lingual and Multi-Country Focus Groups: Guidance for Researchers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5966-5723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Pinto da Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Services Development, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-16094069211049929","volume-title":"Conducting focus group research across cultures: Consistency and comparabillity. WeD working paper 27","author":"Billson J. M.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr2-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732306290130"},{"key":"bibr3-16094069211049929","volume-title":"Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners","author":"Braun V.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr4-16094069211049929","volume-title":"Psychological anthropology","author":"Campbell D.T.","year":"1961"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr5-16094069211049929","first-page":"811","volume":"21","author":"Castillo-Montoya M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Qualitative Report"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr6-16094069211049929","first-page":"521","volume":"21","author":"Dikko M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Qualitative Report"},{"key":"bibr7-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/136346000003003001"},{"key":"bibr8-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(98)00019-1"},{"key":"bibr9-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4276\/030802213X13729279115059"},{"key":"bibr10-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2006.01760.x"},{"key":"bibr11-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07399339209516012"},{"key":"bibr12-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-016-0069-3"},{"key":"bibr13-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.ep11347023"},{"key":"bibr14-16094069211049929","volume-title":"Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research","author":"Krueger R. A","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr15-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2001.tb01838.x"},{"key":"bibr16-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473957657"},{"key":"bibr17-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumoto D., Jones C. A. L. (2009). Ethical issues in cross-cultural psychology. 323-336.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483348971.n21"},{"key":"bibr18-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan D. L. 1997. Focus groups as qualitative research. In.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984287"},{"key":"bibr19-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019394598801000113"},{"key":"bibr20-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03050060701611904"},{"key":"bibr21-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/160940690400300402"},{"key":"bibr22-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/105960117700200404"},{"key":"bibr23-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452243641"},{"key":"bibr24-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.16.3.231"},{"key":"bibr25-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2006.03963.x"},{"key":"bibr26-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/136910500422241"},{"key":"bibr27-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2007.021857"},{"key":"bibr28-16094069211049929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.1998.10846874"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Qualitative Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/16094069211049929","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/16094069211049929","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/16094069211049929","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T18:18:03Z","timestamp":1740853083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/16094069211049929"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/16094069211049929"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/16094069211049929","relation":{},"ISSN":["1609-4069","1609-4069"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1609-4069","type":"print"},{"value":"1609-4069","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"article-number":"16094069211049929"}}