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Such a \u201ctuning\u201d may exist, in part, because our memory systems were shaped by natural selection, using a fitness-based criterion. However, recent research suggests that traditional mnemonic processes, such as elaborative processing, may play an important role in producing the empirical benefit. Boundary conditions have been demonstrated as well, leading some to dismiss evolutionary interpretations of the phenomenon. In this article, we discuss the current state of the evolutionary account and provide a general framework for evaluating evolutionary and purportedly nonevolutionary interpretations of mnemonic phenomena. We suggest that survival processing effects are best viewed within the context of a general survival optimization system, designed by nature to help organisms deal with survival challenges. An important component of survival optimization is the ability to simulate activities that help to prevent or escape from future threats which, in turn, depends in an important way on accurate retrospective remembering of survival-relevant information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691616635613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,29]],"date-time":"2016-07-29T11:02:23Z","timestamp":1469790143000},"page":"496-511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Adaptive Memory"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"James S.","family":"Nairne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University"}]},{"given":"Josefa N. 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