{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:26:39Z","timestamp":1759335999151,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]],"date-time":"2015-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Natural Product Communications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from fruits of six fennel accessions collected from wild populations occurring in the centre and south of Portugal. Composition of essential oils was established by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The obtained yields of the essential oils were found to vary greatly in the range of 1.1 to 2.9% (v\/w) and the chemical composition varied with the region of collection. A total of 16 compounds were identified. The main compounds were fenchone (16.9 \u2013 34.7%), estragole (2.5 \u2013 66.0%) and trans-anethole (7.9 \u2013 77.7%). The percentages of these three main compounds were used to determine the relationship between the different oil samples and to group them into four different chemotypes: anethole\/fenchone; anethole; estragole and anethole\/estragole. Antifungal activity of essential oils was evaluated against six food spoilage fungi: Aspergillus niger, A. japonicus, A. oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizophus oryzae and R. stolonifer. Antibacterial activity was assessed against three Gram-positive strains: Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 and S. aureus ATCC 28213; and against six Gram-negative strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922; Morganella morganii LFG 08; Proteus mirabilis LFG 04; Salmonella enteritidis LFG 05; S. entiritidis serovar typhimurium LFG 06 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 by the disc diffusion agar method; the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the broth macro-dilution method. The MIC values varied from 62.5 ( E. coli ATCC 25922) to 2000 \u03bcg\/mL ( P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853). <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578x1501000437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T15:58:44Z","timestamp":1553529524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Portuguese <i>Foeniculum vulgare<\/i> Fruits"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ana S.","family":"Mota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech- Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d'\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001- Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M. Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Ambientais Mediterr\u00e2nicas &, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias, Universidade de \u0388vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000\u2013647-\u0388vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Arantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Ambientais Mediterr\u00e2nicas &, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias, Universidade de \u0388vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000\u2013647-\u0388vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Violeta R.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banco Portugu\u00eas de Germoplasma Vegetal, INIAV, I.P., Quinta de S. Jos\u00e9, S. Pedro de Merelim, 4700\u2013859, Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eliseu","family":"Bettencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Estrat\u00e9gica de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Servi\u00e7os de Biotecnologia e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, INIAV, I.P. (retired)"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Pombal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech- Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d'\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001- Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Arlindo C.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech- Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d'\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001- Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L\u00facia A.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech- Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d'\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001- Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2010.01.010"},{"key":"bibr2-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2009.02.010"},{"key":"bibr3-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2010.860.3"},{"key":"bibr4-1934578X1501000437","first-page":"45","volume":"13","author":"Roque OL","year":"1989","journal-title":"Boletim da Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia de Coimbra"},{"key":"bibr5-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.1993.9698207"},{"key":"bibr6-1934578X1501000437","first-page":"27","volume":"3","author":"Arslan N","year":"1989","journal-title":"The yield and components of essential oil in fennels of different origin (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) grown in Ankara conditions Herba Hungarica"},{"key":"bibr7-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1026(199911\/12)14:6<379::AID-FFJ833>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"bibr8-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.1996.9700610"},{"journal-title":"Oil of bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. vulgare var. vulgare)","year":"2007","author":"ISO 17412:2007","key":"bibr9-1934578X1501000437"},{"journal-title":"European Pharmacopoeia","year":"2007","author":"COUNCIL OF EUROPE (COE)","key":"bibr10-1934578X1501000437"},{"key":"bibr11-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.04.025"},{"key":"bibr12-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.009"},{"key":"bibr13-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.004"},{"key":"bibr14-1934578X1501000437","first-page":"804","volume":"2","author":"Choudhary M","year":"2013","journal-title":"In Microbial Pathogens and Strategies for Combating Them: Science, Technology and Education"},{"key":"bibr15-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2011.553625"},{"key":"bibr16-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.06.056"},{"key":"bibr17-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf049033e"},{"key":"bibr18-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0493122"},{"key":"bibr19-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-9773"},{"key":"bibr20-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2005.03.010"},{"key":"bibr21-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03310.x"},{"key":"bibr22-1934578X1501000437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578X1000500231"},{"journal-title":"Rede nacional para a conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o das plantas arom\u00e1ticas e medicinais. 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