{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T01:41:20Z","timestamp":1768873280402,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/BIA\/04325\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/BIA\/04325\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Natural Product Communications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Royal jelly (RJ) is a bee product that has high nutritional value and is beneficial for the human health, earning importance as a functional food. Thus, the characterization of its main biological properties is with high importance. In this work, 6 RJ samples obtained in Morocco, Portugal, and Spain were evaluated in terms of total phenol and flavone\/flavonol contents; total protein; 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA); volatiles composition; antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; and inhibition of tyrosinase, xanthine oxidase (XO), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. Total phenolic content ranged from 3 to 9 mg gallic acid equivalent\/g RJ, and flavone\/flavonol content from 0.1 to 0.5 mg quercetin equivalent\/g RJ. 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid content varied from 0.9% to 1.2% and total protein from 5.5% to 29.7%. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed RJ volatiles dominated by linolenic acid, 2-decenoic acid, and octanoic acid in variable amounts. The antioxidant activity was monitored through nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity and hydrogen peroxide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) scavenging capacity, where the IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> ranged from 2.3 to 3.4 and 0.2 to 1.5 mg\/mL, respectively. Anti-AChE activity IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> ranged from 0.7 to 4.6 mg\/mL, while XO inhibition IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> ranged from 3.3 to 11.9 mg\/mL. The results showed that phenols and flavonoids highly contributed to the RJ biological properties in contrast to 10-HDA and proteins. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578x20908080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]],"date-time":"2020-02-25T12:00:16Z","timestamp":1582632016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Chemical Characterization and Biological Properties of Royal Jelly Samples From the Mediterranean Area"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Souka\u00efna","family":"El-Guendouz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology and Environmental Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Fez, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Alexandra M.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar Lisboa (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), DBV, C2, Campo Grande, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Smail","family":"Aazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phytochemistry, National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (ANPMA), Taounate, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Badia\u00e2","family":"Lyoussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology and Environmental Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Fez, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Maria G.","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Algarve, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Farm\u00e1cia, MED \u2013 Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria C.","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Algarve, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Farm\u00e1cia, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3239-3190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. 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