{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T13:02:49Z","timestamp":1771938169282,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Protective Structures"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Shock absorbers have been widely used in the automotive and aeronautical industries for many years. Inspired on these devices, the paper presents an analytical and numerical assessment of a high performance protective system for building structures against blast loads, which is composed of a shielding element connected to the main structure, at the floor levels, through ductile Energy Absorbing Connectors (EACs). The EACs exploit the external tube inversion mechanism to absorb a significant part of the imparted kinetic energy from the blast wave. While the system prototype has been developed in laboratory, it was characterized and tested in a full-scale blast testing campaign. A validated finite element model was used next to analyze its performance in a more demanding design scenario. The introduction of EACs notably reduces the peak horizontal loads and the kinetic energy transferred to the protected structure, being expected a significant reduction of the stresses in the supporting vertical elements, in addition to the protection of structural and non-structural members. These results encourage further studies of the presented protective system that can be potentially employed for a large variety of blast threat scenarios, especially when increasing the stand-off is not a possible\/viable option and sensitive facilities have to be protected. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20414196231183006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T18:20:51Z","timestamp":1688062851000},"page":"484-508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of a high-performance blast energy-absorbing system for building structures"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gabriel de Jesus","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CINAMIL and Military Academy, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Valter Jos\u00e9 da Guia","family":"L\u00facio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS NOVA and Department of Civil Engineering of NOVA School of Science and Technology, Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Corneliu","family":"Cismasiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS NOVA and Department of Civil Engineering of NOVA School of Science and Technology, Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-743X(84)90010-1"},{"key":"bibr2-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-743X(86)90017-5"},{"key":"bibr3-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-8231(02)00082-4"},{"key":"bibr4-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-8231(00)00048-3"},{"key":"bibr5-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/JMES_JOUR_1972_014_046_02"},{"key":"bibr6-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008043711-8\/50052-0"},{"key":"bibr7-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784411889"},{"key":"bibr8-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-743X(00)00060-9"},{"key":"bibr9-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001930050137"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr10-20414196231183006","first-page":"32","volume":"2","author":"Barnett S","year":"2007","journal-title":"Concrete (London)"},{"key":"bibr11-20414196231183006","volume-title":"Introduction to Structural Dynamics","author":"Biggs J","year":"1964"},{"key":"bibr12-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02472016"},{"key":"bibr59-20414196231183006","unstructured":"Cha JG, Bae CH, Han BK (2013) Experimental study of the possibility of using of external inversion crash box on sloped crash barrier. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). Seoul, 27-30 May, pp. 69\u201379."},{"key":"bibr14-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/cras.1996.0007"},{"key":"bibr15-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1680\/ceb-fipmc1990.35430"},{"key":"bibr16-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1680\/beob2e.35218"},{"key":"bibr17-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0144762"},{"key":"bibr18-20414196231183006","volume-title":"CSA S850-12 Design and assessment of buildings subjected to blast loads","author":"CSA America I","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr19-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2009.03.008"},{"key":"bibr20-20414196231183006","volume-title":"NP EN 206-1: Concrete. Part 1: Specification, Performance, Production and Conformity","author":"European Committee for Standardization","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr21-20414196231183006","volume-title":"NP EN 12390-3: Testing Hardened Concrete; Part 3: Compressive Strength of Test Specimens","author":"European Committee for Standardization","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr22-20414196231183006","volume-title":"NASA technical note","volume":"3622","author":"Guist LRR","year":"1966"},{"key":"bibr23-20414196231183006","volume-title":"Blast and Ballistic Loading of Structures","author":"Hetherington J","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr24-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2015.09.038"},{"key":"bibr25-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2009.06.004"},{"key":"bibr26-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3438805"},{"key":"bibr27-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2010.02.002"},{"key":"bibr28-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/03093247V183177"},{"key":"bibr29-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6955(99)00046-2"},{"key":"bibr30-20414196231183006","volume-title":"LS-DYNA User Manual: Volume I (Version R10.1)","author":"Livermore Software Technology Corporation","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr31-20414196231183006","unstructured":"Lu G, Yu T (2003) Energy absorption of structures and materials Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering. Woodhead Publishing Limited, pp. 1\u2013403."},{"key":"bibr32-20414196231183006","volume-title":"Dynamic Increase Factors for Concrete","author":"Malvar LJ","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr33-20414196231183006","first-page":"319","volume":"1","author":"Marais ST","year":"2004","journal-title":"Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures"},{"key":"bibr34-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7403(96)00049-5"},{"key":"bibr35-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000228"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr36-20414196231183006","first-page":"43","volume":"759","author":"Nesterenko VF","year":"2003","journal-title":"MRS Online Proceedings Library"},{"key":"bibr37-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2014.06.004"},{"key":"bibr38-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2495\/SUSI180061"},{"key":"bibr39-20414196231183006","volume-title":"Sistema inovador de protec\u00e7\u00e3o de edif\u00edcios face a explos\u00f5es, composto por pain\u00e9is de fachada em bet\u00e3o armado e conectores em a\u00e7o de parede fina com capacidade de absor\u00e7\u00e3o de energia. (Portuguese) [Innovative building protection system against explosions, composed of RC fa\u00e7ade panels and thin-walled steel connectors with capacity of energy absorption","author":"Pereira VMM","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr40-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2013.06.009"},{"key":"bibr41-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2014.02.025"},{"key":"bibr42-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2019.05.013"},{"key":"bibr43-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2019.02.024"},{"key":"bibr44-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7403(92)90040-N"},{"key":"bibr45-20414196231183006","unstructured":"Reid S, Reddy T, Peng C (1993) Structural Crashworthiness and Failure, Chapter Dynamic Compression of Cellular Structures and Materials. CRC Press, p. 46."},{"key":"bibr46-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7403(93)90054-X"},{"key":"bibr47-20414196231183006","volume-title":"Energy Dissipation Devices for Structures under Blast","author":"Soares FCCO","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr48-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2014.01.023"},{"key":"bibr49-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7403(72)90006-9"},{"key":"bibr50-20414196231183006","volume-title":"Formulas for Mechanical and Structural Shock and Impact","author":"Szuladzinski G","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr51-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2014.10.007"},{"key":"bibr52-20414196231183006","volume-title":"UFC 3-340-02: Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions","author":"US Department of Defense","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr53-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2016.11.019"},{"key":"bibr54-20414196231183006","volume-title":"Blast Damage Mitigation Using Reinforced Concrete Panels and Energy Absorbing Connectors","author":"Whitney GM","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr55-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7683(91)90114-U"},{"key":"bibr56-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2016.11.018"},{"key":"bibr57-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2008.11.001"},{"key":"bibr58-20414196231183006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2020.06.021"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Protective Structures"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20414196231183006","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20414196231183006","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20414196231183006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T17:29:04Z","timestamp":1740936544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20414196231183006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20414196231183006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20414196231183006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-4196","2041-420X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-4196","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-420X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]}}}