{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T14:02:48Z","timestamp":1776348168402,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707091200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["E-Learning and Digital Media"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Non-formal education seeks to address the limitations of formal education that do not reach all communities and do not provide all new competencies and capabilities that are essential for the integrated development of communities. The role of non-formal education becomes even more relevant in the context of developing countries where significant asymmetries in access to education emerge. This study adopts the Solutions Story Tracker provided by the Solutions Journalism Network to identify and explore solutions based on journalism stories in the non-formal education field. A total of 256 stories are identified and categorized into 14 dimensions. The findings reveal that practical, participatory, and volunteering dimensions are the three most common dimensions in these non-formal education initiatives. Furthermore, two emerging dimensions related to empowerment and sustainability are identified, allowing us to extend the theoretical knowledge in the non-formal education field. These conclusions are relevant for establishing public policies that can involve greater participation by local communities in non-formal education and for addressing sustainability challenges through bottom-up initiatives. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20427530241231843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T18:08:58Z","timestamp":1707156538000},"page":"122-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Non-formal education as a response to social problems in developing countries"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6758-4843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7924-5902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business Sciences, Polytechnic Higher Institute of Gaya (ISPGAYA), Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RP00212A"},{"key":"bibr2-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07417136221080432"},{"key":"bibr4-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su141912696"},{"key":"bibr5-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220574211016417"},{"key":"bibr3-20427530241231843","volume-title":"Brazil\u2019s Audacious Plan to Fight Poverty Using Neuroscience and Parents\u2019 Love","author":"Anderson J","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr6-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ERPP.0000034518.97695.88"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr7-20427530241231843","first-page":"35","volume":"5","author":"Benkova K","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Social Work Education and Practice"},{"key":"bibr8-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02601370.2010.488803"},{"key":"bibr9-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"bibr10-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1746197917723629"},{"key":"bibr11-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474746416000610"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr12-20427530241231843","first-page":"243","volume":"9","author":"Cao CT","year":"2019","journal-title":"US-China Education Review A"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr13-20427530241231843","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"Caramelo J","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Social Science Education"},{"key":"bibr14-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011392116638396"},{"key":"bibr15-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2020.103411"},{"key":"bibr16-20427530241231843","volume-title":"African Classrooms, Shiny Technology Shouldn\u2019t Replace Long-Term Solutions","author":"Clark C","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr17-20427530241231843","first-page":"78","volume":"18","author":"Coelho MJ","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of E-Learning and Knowledge Society"},{"key":"bibr18-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/075910630709300106"},{"key":"bibr19-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0141-8211.2004.00167.x"},{"key":"bibr20-20427530241231843","volume-title":"The Power of Solutions Journalism","author":"Curry AL","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr21-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08997640211034580"},{"key":"bibr22-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-022-09621-x"},{"key":"bibr23-20427530241231843","volume-title":"The Relationship Between Political Instability and Economic Growth in Advanced Economies: Empirical Evidence From a Panel VAR and a Dynamic Panel FE-IV Analysis, Ruhr Economic Papers","author":"Dirks M","year":"2023"},{"key":"bibr49-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su11154219"},{"key":"bibr24-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11614-023-00509-3"},{"key":"bibr25-20427530241231843","volume-title":"Adult Learning Statistics - Characteristics of Education and Training","author":"Eurostat","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr26-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/wber\/lhab007"},{"key":"bibr27-20427530241231843","volume-title":"These Kids are Hoping to Save Galapagos Tortoises \u2014 and Their Own Home \u2014 From Climate Change","author":"Fernandes D","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr28-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susoc.2022.05.004"},{"key":"bibr29-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3435.2012.01535.x"},{"key":"bibr30-20427530241231843","volume-title":"Non-Formal Education and Basic Education Reform: A Conceptual Review","author":"Hoppers W","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr31-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/berj.3723"},{"key":"bibr32-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7577\/seminar.2468"},{"key":"bibr33-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/beer.12370"},{"key":"bibr34-20427530241231843","volume-title":"Formal, Non-Formal, and Informal Learning: What are They, and How can we Research Them?","author":"Johnson M","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr35-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36348\/gajhss.2022.v04i01.002"},{"key":"bibr36-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02601370.2020.1808102"},{"key":"bibr37-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5430\/ijhe.v6n5p26"},{"key":"bibr38-20427530241231843","volume-title":"Becoming a Behavioral Science Researcher: A Guide to Producing Research that Matters","author":"Kline RB","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr39-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14042114"},{"key":"bibr40-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cdj\/bsi050"},{"key":"bibr41-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00598444"},{"key":"bibr42-20427530241231843","volume-title":"Why are 63 Million Girls Missing Out on Education?","author":"Lamble L","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr43-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence11060107"},{"key":"bibr44-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56059\/jl4d.v1i1.6"},{"key":"bibr45-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6741-9"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr46-20427530241231843","first-page":"2076","volume":"13","author":"Levchenko OM","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Economic Sciences"},{"key":"bibr47-20427530241231843","volume-title":"The Healing Force of Family","author":"Levine J","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr48-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.534485"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr50-20427530241231843","first-page":"33","volume":"8","author":"Lough K","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISO Journal"},{"key":"bibr51-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/715165322333"},{"key":"bibr52-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/798839"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr53-20427530241231843","first-page":"105","volume":"57","author":"Mayombe C","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Adult Learning"},{"key":"bibr54-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/soc8030064"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr55-20427530241231843","first-page":"67","volume":"7","author":"Morciano D","year":"2015","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Sociology of Education"},{"key":"bibr56-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11159-017-9631-8"},{"key":"bibr57-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12807"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr58-20427530241231843","first-page":"43","volume":"8","author":"Paulsen CA","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Early Childhood Environmental Education"},{"key":"bibr59-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3916\/C58-2019-04"},{"key":"bibr60-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcci.2021.100283"},{"key":"bibr61-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2013.799073"},{"key":"bibr62-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02601370.2015.1070209"},{"key":"bibr63-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/soc13080179"},{"key":"bibr64-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03057640902904472"},{"key":"bibr65-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02601370.2019.1586779"},{"key":"bibr66-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09614521003763160"},{"key":"bibr67-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/EHS15-0028.1"},{"key":"bibr68-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000129"},{"key":"bibr69-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5840\/philtopics20124017"},{"key":"bibr70-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10409280802582795"},{"key":"bibr71-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14779714221089360"},{"key":"bibr72-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02560046.2017.1300829"},{"key":"bibr73-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12464"},{"key":"bibr74-20427530241231843","volume-title":"Exchanging Plastics for Learning Resources: How This Non-Profit Addresses Low-Quality Education","author":"Taoheed M","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr75-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741713606289122"},{"key":"bibr76-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02607476.2018.1422613"},{"key":"bibr77-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2010.06.001"},{"key":"bibr78-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015601909731"},{"key":"bibr79-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/798838"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr80-20427530241231843","first-page":"46","volume":"33","author":"Wamaungo JA","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Education"},{"key":"bibr81-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90769-3_9"},{"key":"bibr82-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264063853-en"},{"key":"bibr83-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2015.07.003"},{"key":"bibr100-20427530241231843","volume-title":"Average income around the world","author":"World Data","year":"2022"},{"issue":"66","key":"bibr84-20427530241231843","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"Xu W","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Qualitative Methods"},{"key":"bibr85-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10656-3"},{"key":"bibr86-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47814\/ijssrr.v5i9.445"},{"key":"bibr87-20427530241231843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJLC.2010.035836"}],"container-title":["E-Learning and Digital Media"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20427530241231843","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20427530241231843","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20427530241231843","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T12:41:58Z","timestamp":1740919318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20427530241231843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20427530241231843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20427530241231843","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-7530","2042-7530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-7530","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-7530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]}}}