{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T19:08:49Z","timestamp":1770145729046,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,29]],"date-time":"2015-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Probation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Judicial decision-making has been long studied, particularly sentencing, from a number of perspectives. Many researches have focused on the factors affecting the decision-making process, analysing from judges\u2019 personal characteristics to court context. This article addresses lay theories of crime as viewed by judges. Forty-nine judges participated in this study, answering a questionnaire about causes of criminality and justifications for crime. Results show a large variety of answer with judges positioned in both sides of the scale. Drug abuse is especially relevant when judges assess causes of criminality and justifications for crime. Regarding causes of criminality, the results suggest that judges\u2019 rationale is based on a complex set of social environment characteristics, opposing the dichotomy internal characteristics versus external situational causes, identified in previous studies. Justifications for crime were organized into three major groups: drugs, uncontrolled behaviour and survival. Age and political orientation affected these assessments, but gender was found irrelevant. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2066220315595906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,29]],"date-time":"2015-07-29T11:52:25Z","timestamp":1438170745000},"page":"124-142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Judges\u2019 perception on causes of criminality and justifications for           crime"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Andreia","family":"de Castro-Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Sacau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Fernando Pessoa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baum L (2010) Motivation and judicial behaviour:             Expanding the scope of inquiry. In: Klein DE, Mitchell G (eds) The Psychology of Judicial Decision Making.             Oxford: Oxford University             Press, pp. 3\u201326. Available at: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195367584.003.0001.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195367584.003.0001"},{"key":"bibr2-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroll JS, Perkowitz WT, Lurigio AJ, Weaver FM (1987) Sentencing goals, causal attributions,             ideology and personality. Journal of Personality and Social             Psychology 52(1): 107\u2013118. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0022\u20133514.52.1.107.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.52.1.107"},{"key":"bibr3-2066220315595906","unstructured":"Costello AB, Osborne JW (2005) Best practices in exploratory factor             analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis.             Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation 10(7). Available at: http:\/\/pareonline.net\/getvn.asp?v=10&n=7 (accessed 17 October             2014)."},{"key":"bibr4-2066220315595906","unstructured":"DiStefano C, Zhu M, M\u00eendril\u0103 D (2009) Understanding and using factor scores:             Considerations for the applied researcher. Practical Assessment,             Research & Evaluation 14(20). Available at: http:\/\/pareonline.net\/pdf\/v14n20.pdf (accessed 17 October             2014)"},{"key":"bibr5-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elwork A, Sales BD, Suggs D (1981) The trial: A research             review. In Sales BD (Ed.) The Trial Process. New             York: Plenum Press, pp.             1\u201368. Available at: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/978\u20131\u20134684\u20133767\u20136_1.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3767-6_1"},{"key":"bibr6-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feenan D (2009) Editorial introduction: Women and             judging. Feminist Legal Studies 17(1): 1\u20139. Available at:             http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10691\u2013009\u20139116\u20137.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10691-009-9116-7"},{"key":"bibr7-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048084"},{"key":"bibr8-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)90259-3"},{"key":"bibr9-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furnham A, Henderson M (1983) Lay theories of             delinquency. European Journal of Social Psychology 13(2): 107\u2013120. Available           at: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2420130202.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420130202"},{"key":"bibr10-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson JL (1978) Judges\u2019 role orientations, attitudes,             and decisions: an interactive model. The American Political             Science Review 72(3): 911\u2013924. Available           at: http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1955111 (accessed 26 September             2014).","DOI":"10.2307\/1955111"},{"key":"bibr11-2066220315595906","unstructured":"Gorsdorf LF (2010) Conceito e sentido da assessoria             jur\u00eddica popular em Direitos [Concept and             meaning of popular legal advice on rights]. In: Frigo D, Prioste F, Filho ASE (Org.). Justi\u00e7a e direitos humanos - Experi\u00eancias de assessoria             jur\u00eddica popular [Justice and human rights -             Experiences on popular legal advice].             Curitiba: Terra de             Direitos, pp. 7\u201316. Available at:             http:\/\/terradedireitos.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/09\/Miolo_PB_final.pdf             (accessed 17 October 2014)."},{"key":"bibr12-2066220315595906","unstructured":"Graycar R (1998) The gender of judgments: some             reflections on \u2018bias\u2019. University of British Columbia Law             Review 32(1): 1\u201321. Available at:             http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1170622 (accessed 26 September             2014)."},{"key":"bibr13-2066220315595906","unstructured":"Guthrie C, Rachlinski JJ, Wistrich AJ (2009) The hidden \u2018judiciary\u2019: An empirical             examination of executive branch justice. Duke Law             Journal 58: 1477\u20131530. Available at: http:\/\/scholarship.law.duke.edu\/dlj\/vol58\/iss7\/8 (accessed 17             October 2014)."},{"key":"bibr14-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helms R (2009) Modeling the politics of punishment: A             conceptual and empirical analysis of \u2018law in action\u2019 in criminal             sentencing. Journal of Criminal Justice 37(1): 10\u201320. Available at:             http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2008.12.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2008.12.004"},{"key":"bibr15-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/9781487599553"},{"key":"bibr16-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollin CR, Howells K (1987) Lay explanations of delinquency: Global             or offence-specific? British Journal of Social Psychology 26(3): 203\u2013210. Available           at: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00782.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00782.x"},{"key":"bibr17-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulik CT, Perry EL, Pepper MB (2003) Here comes the judge: The influence of             judge personal characteristics on federal sexual harassment case             outcomes. Law and Human Behavior 27(1): 69\u201386. Available at:             http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1021678912133.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021678912133"},{"key":"bibr18-2066220315595906","volume-title":"How Judges Sentence","author":"Mackenzie G","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr19-2066220315595906","unstructured":"Maguire N (2010) Consistency in             sentencing. Judicial Studies Institute Journal 10(2): 14\u201354. Available at:             http:\/\/www.jsijournal.ie\/html\/Volume_10_No._2\/%5B2010%5D2_Consistency_sentencing_Maguire.pdf             (accessed 17 October 2014)."},{"key":"bibr20-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFatter RM (1978) Sentencing strategies and justice:             Effects of punishment philosophy on sentencing decisions.             Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36(12): 1490\u20131500. Available           at: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.36.12.1490.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.36.12.1490"},{"key":"bibr21-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048191"},{"key":"bibr22-2066220315595906","volume-title":"How Judges Think","author":"Posner R","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr23-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reuterman NA (1978) The public\u2019s views of delinquency             causation: A consideration in comprehensive juvenile justice planning.             Juvenile and Family Court Journal 29(3): 39\u201345. 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Available           at: http:\/\/www.repository.law.indiana.edu\/ilj\/vol70\/iss3\/4 (accessed 26             September 2014)."},{"key":"bibr28-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Songer DR, Davis S, Haire S (1994) A reappraisal of diversification in the             federal courts: Gender effects in the courts of appeals. Journal             of Politics 56(2): 425\u2013439. Available           at: http:\/\/scholarcommons.sc.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1063&context=poli_facpub             (accessed 26 September 2014).","DOI":"10.2307\/2132146"},{"key":"bibr29-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452244198"},{"key":"bibr30-2066220315595906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spohn C (1990) The sentencing decisions of black and             white judges: Expected and unexpected similarities. Law &             Society Review 24(5): 1197\u20131216. 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