{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:49:19Z","timestamp":1767340159355,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/135004\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/135004\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sage Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The increasing dissemination of geographic information systems (GIS) in recent years has broadened the availability and use of geospatial tools, mostly to analyze the spatial data of different territories. A territory can be viewed at different analysis scales, and some buildings are as complex as small cities, presenting the opportunity to use GIS to study the dynamics, patterns, and phenomena within a building. This study presents a systematic literature review of the relevant evidence focused on the utilization of GIS in indoor spaces. To this end, we searched in three scientific libraries following the PRISMA statement guidelines. All phases were analyzed independently by two of the authors and agreement between them calculated through the Kappa statistic. In total, 50 studies were included. A qualitative synthesis was performed, considering the assessment of data and heterogeneity of methodologies within the included articles. Subsequently, the studies were categorized into five groups: indoor management, indoor geospatial analysis, indoor positioning, indoor data acquisition, and indoor spatial data models. The results demonstrate that research on the use of GIS in indoor spaces is still emerging, despite its great potential to help and GIS users, data producers, researchers, or policymakers to improve their work, providing scientific evidence for decision support. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440211050379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:11:22Z","timestamp":1634170282000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Indoor Environments and Geographical Information Systems: A Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8283-5826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria de F\u00e1tima","family":"Pina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICICT\/FIOCRUZ - Instituto de Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o e Informa\u00e7\u00e3o Cient\u00edfica e Tecnol\u00f3gica em Sa\u00fade\/Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Hern\u00e2ni","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-21582440211050379","first-page":"123","volume":"85","author":"Afyouni I.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Spatial Information Science"},{"key":"bibr2-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-019-00724-5"},{"key":"bibr3-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSPNET.2016.7566232"},{"volume-title":"Lecture notes in geoinformation & cartography","year":"2008","author":"Becker T.","key":"bibr4-21582440211050379"},{"key":"bibr5-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDM.2009.116"},{"key":"bibr6-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-015-0654-8"},{"key":"bibr7-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2014.08.003"},{"key":"bibr8-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-9715(02)00040-6"},{"key":"bibr9-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2014.905755"},{"key":"bibr10-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35973-1_626"},{"key":"bibr11-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17885-1_840"},{"key":"bibr12-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.8b00694"},{"key":"bibr13-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101629"},{"key":"bibr14-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35973-1_342"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr15-21582440211050379","first-page":"21","volume":"32","author":"Coumans F.","year":"2018","journal-title":"GIM International"},{"key":"bibr16-21582440211050379","first-page":"460","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of GIS","author":"Crossland M. D.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr17-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2011.597753"},{"key":"bibr18-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2013.6488829"},{"key":"bibr19-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s150203491"},{"key":"bibr20-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203009543"},{"key":"bibr21-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35973-1_713"},{"key":"bibr22-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35973-1_345"},{"key":"bibr23-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi4020575"},{"key":"bibr24-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11806-011-0474-3"},{"key":"bibr25-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35973-1_236"},{"key":"bibr26-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeps.2009.09.160"},{"key":"bibr27-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008044910-4.00029-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr28-21582440211050379","first-page":"3","volume":"1","author":"Goodchild M. F.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Spatial Information Science"},{"key":"bibr29-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810600965271"},{"key":"bibr30-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35973-1_235"},{"volume-title":"Computer graphics: Principles and practice","year":"2014","author":"Hughes J. F.","key":"bibr31-21582440211050379"},{"key":"bibr32-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2424321.2424405"},{"key":"bibr33-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-76772-5_3"},{"key":"bibr34-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SSRR.2005.1501264"},{"key":"bibr35-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2517351.2517352"},{"key":"bibr36-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35973-1_238"},{"key":"bibr37-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7070269"},{"key":"bibr38-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35973-1_131"},{"key":"bibr39-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6040116"},{"key":"bibr40-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.03.019"},{"key":"bibr41-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420068061"},{"key":"bibr42-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-4-C21-137-2011"},{"key":"bibr43-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.02.007"},{"key":"bibr44-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/S1438-4639(04)70016-4"},{"key":"bibr45-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4639-00145"},{"key":"bibr46-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5070103"},{"key":"bibr47-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118445112.stat00365"},{"key":"bibr48-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2018.1494759"},{"key":"bibr49-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-016-0198-3"},{"key":"bibr50-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2003.08.002"},{"key":"bibr51-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2014.963589"},{"key":"bibr52-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.2007.00561.x"},{"volume-title":"Geospatial information technology for emergency response","year":"2008","author":"Lee J. A.","key":"bibr53-21582440211050379"},{"key":"bibr54-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7848\/ksgpc.2014.32.6.637"},{"key":"bibr55-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9080796"},{"volume-title":"International Conference on indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN)","year":"2007","author":"Li C.","key":"bibr56-21582440211050379"},{"key":"bibr57-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89903-7_1"},{"key":"bibr58-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4042821"},{"key":"bibr59-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713811741"},{"key":"bibr60-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/udi.2010.25"},{"volume-title":"First ISPRS\/EuroSDR\/DGPF International Workshop on Next Generation 3D City Models","year":"2005","author":"Meijers M.","key":"bibr61-21582440211050379"},{"key":"bibr62-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12337"},{"key":"bibr63-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-020-01171-y"},{"key":"bibr64-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126714"},{"key":"bibr65-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MED.2007.4433892"},{"key":"bibr66-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"bibr67-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.62973\/10-191r1","volume-title":"Requirements and space-event modeling for indoor navigation","author":"Nagel C.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr68-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103109"},{"key":"bibr69-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111754"},{"key":"bibr70-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2005.02.009"},{"key":"bibr71-21582440211050379","unstructured":"OGC. (2012). OGC CityGML Encoding Standard, Document No. 12-019. Retrieved October 30, 2020, http:\/\/www.opengeospatial.org\/standards\/citygml"},{"key":"bibr72-21582440211050379","unstructured":"OGC. (2014). OGC IndoorGML, Document No. 14-005r. Retrieved October 30, 2020, http:\/\/www.opengeospatial.org\/standards\/indoorgml"},{"volume-title":"Location, location, location - improve asset management by taking GIS inside the building. IBM Pulse","year":"2009","author":"Olimpio J.","key":"bibr73-21582440211050379"},{"key":"bibr74-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7080321"},{"key":"bibr75-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3005422.3005424"},{"key":"bibr76-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9020066"},{"volume-title":"Overview: Data collection and analysis methods in impact evaluation: Methodological briefs: Impact Evaluation No. 10","year":"2014","author":"Peersman G.","key":"bibr77-21582440211050379"},{"key":"bibr78-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-27468-5_79"},{"issue":"72","key":"bibr79-21582440211050379","first-page":"e50130","author":"Qi F.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Visualized Experiments"},{"key":"bibr80-21582440211050379","volume":"14","author":"Randolph J. J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation"},{"key":"bibr81-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2012.10.002"},{"volume-title":"Principles of geographic information systems","year":"2001","author":"Rolf A.","key":"bibr82-21582440211050379"},{"volume-title":"A natureza do espa\u00e7o: T\u00e9cnica e tempo, raz\u00e3o e emo\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"1996","author":"Santos M.","key":"bibr83-21582440211050379"},{"key":"bibr84-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mti2020026"},{"key":"bibr85-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0005510804630470"},{"key":"bibr86-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6090281"},{"key":"bibr87-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2017.7989310"},{"key":"bibr88-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6090280"},{"key":"bibr89-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8090408"},{"key":"bibr90-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11633-016-0979-1"},{"key":"bibr91-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12132"},{"key":"bibr92-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.09.021"},{"key":"bibr93-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2015.02.036"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of GISTAM 2018, 4th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management","year":"2018","author":"Teixeira H.","key":"bibr94-21582440211050379"},{"key":"bibr95-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534484305278283"},{"key":"bibr96-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2018.1554813"},{"key":"bibr97-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2012.02.006"},{"key":"bibr98-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12231"},{"key":"bibr99-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-0944-x"},{"key":"bibr100-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118786352.wbieg0841.pub2"},{"key":"bibr101-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.21"},{"key":"bibr102-21582440211050379","first-page":"4","volume":"101","author":"Wing M. G.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Forests"},{"key":"bibr103-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMA.2010.5587987"},{"key":"bibr104-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2077357.2077358"},{"key":"bibr105-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2011.12.006"},{"key":"bibr106-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-016-0279-x"},{"key":"bibr107-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-2-W2-121-2013"},{"key":"bibr108-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35973-1_627"},{"key":"bibr109-21582440211050379","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of GIS","author":"Youssef M.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr110-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.725631"},{"key":"bibr111-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35973-1_463"},{"volume-title":"The Twelfth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing, Funchal","year":"2009","author":"Zhang X.","key":"bibr112-21582440211050379"},{"key":"bibr113-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2014.10.003"},{"key":"bibr114-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2533810.2533819"},{"volume-title":"Space subdivision for indoor applications: GISt Report No. 66","year":"2014","author":"Zlatanova S.","key":"bibr115-21582440211050379"},{"key":"bibr116-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-2-W1-257-2016"},{"key":"bibr117-21582440211050379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9010058"}],"container-title":["Sage Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/21582440211050379","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/21582440211050379","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/21582440211050379","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T02:51:02Z","timestamp":1740797462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/21582440211050379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/21582440211050379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21582440211050379","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-2440","2158-2440"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2158-2440"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2158-2440"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"article-number":"21582440211050379"}}