{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:11:43Z","timestamp":1777590703149,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577923200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["207028\/2014-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["207028\/2014-1"]}]},{"name":"Stuckeman Center for Design Computing"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The World experiences a significant growth in population coupled with fast urbanization processes particularly in the Southern hemisphere, which puts an enormous pressure on cities, giving rise to numerous social, infrastructural, ecological, and urban problems. In this context, the formal sector is often unable to provide adequate housing for this growing population who resorts to self-help processes that lead to informal settlements. This paper focuses on the development of an analytical shape grammar for Santa Marta, the iconic settlement used as a critical case study, whose rules describe the generation of the self-constructed urban fabric. The methodology includes an analysis of the built shape and the physical urban relations. The resulting model is a shape grammar that recreates the urban fabric of Santa Marta. Future work includes the evaluation of the settlement\u2019s urban space and the corresponding transformation of the analytic grammar to generate a synthetic grammar for planning new housing settlements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808319897625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T05:09:17Z","timestamp":1577941757000},"page":"810-827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Santa Marta Urban Grammar: Unraveling the spontaneous occupation of Brazilian informal settlements"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Debora","family":"Verniz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3826-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 P","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2399808319897625","unstructured":"Baltazar AP, Kapp S (2007) Learning from \u2018favelas\u2019: The poetics of users\u2019 autonomous production of space and the non-ethics of architectural interventions. In:\n                      Proceedings of the conference reconciling poetics and ethics in architecture\n                      , McGill University, Montreal, Canada, 2007, p.15."},{"key":"bibr2-2399808319897625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros P, Beirao JN and Duarte J 2013) The language of Mozambican slums: Urban integration toolfor Maputo\u2019s informal settlements. In: Stouffs Rudi and Sariyildiz Sevil (eds)\n                      Proceedings of the 31st conference on education in computeraided architectural design in Europe\n                      , Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 715\u2013724. Available at: http:\/\/papers.cumincad.org\/cgi-bin\/works\/Show?ecaade2013_214","DOI":"10.52842\/conf.ecaade.2013.2.715"},{"key":"bibr3-2399808319897625","unstructured":"C\u00e2mara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro (2013)\n                      Projeto de Lei Complementar 33\/2013. Define as condi\u00e7\u00f5es disciplinadoras de uso e ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o para ordenamento territorial da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro\n                      [\n                      Complementary law 33\/2013. Defines the Disciplinar Conditions for Using and Settling for the Territorial Planning of the City of Rio de Janeiro\n                      ]."},{"key":"bibr4-2399808319897625","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15274\/tpj.2016.01.02.04"},{"key":"bibr5-2399808319897625","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060407000315"},{"key":"bibr6-2399808319897625","unstructured":"Economou A (2000) Shape grammars in architectural design studio In: Mitchell W and Fernandez J (eds)\n                      Proceedings of the 2000 ACSA Technology Conference: The Intersection of Design and Technology\n                      , Washington DC, Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, Hong Kong, 17 January 2000, pp.75\u201381."},{"key":"bibr7-2399808319897625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ena V (2018) De-coding Rio de Janeiro\u2019s Favelas \u2013 Shape grammar application as a contribution to the debate over the regularization of favelas. The case of Parque Royal. In:\n                      Computing for a better tomorrow \u2013 Proceedings of the 36th eCAADe conference\n                      (eds A Kepczynska-Walczak and S Bialkowski), Lodz, Poland, 19 September 2018, pp.429\u2013438. Lodz: Lodz University of Technology.","DOI":"10.52842\/conf.ecaade.2018.2.429"},{"key":"bibr8-2399808319897625","unstructured":"Goethert R (2010) Incremental housing. A proactive urban strategy.\n                      Monday Developments\n                      , September."},{"key":"bibr9-2399808319897625","volume-title":"Censo Demografico 2010 [Demographic Census 2010]","author":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr10-2399808319897625","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/b160051"},{"key":"bibr11-2399808319897625","unstructured":"Li A (2001)\n                      A shape grammar for teaching the architectural style of the Yingzao fashi\n                      . PhD Dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA."},{"key":"bibr12-2399808319897625","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21681376.2016.1229130"},{"key":"bibr13-2399808319897625","volume-title":"Um Pais Chamado Favela: A Maior Pesquisa Ja Feita Sobre a Favela Brasileira [A Country Called Favela: The Biggest Research About Brazilian Favela Ever Done]","author":"Meirelles R","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr14-2399808319897625","volume-title":"Programa Habitacional. Vizinhan\u00e7a Pr\u00f3xima [Housing Program Neighborhood]","author":"Pedro JB","year":"2003","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr15-2399808319897625","volume-title":"Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio De Janeiro","author":"Perlman J","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr16-2399808319897625","unstructured":"Salingaros NA, Brain D, Duany AM, et\u00a0al. (2006) Favelas and social housing: The urbanism of self-organization. In:\n                      Proceedings of the Brazilian and Ibero-American congress on social housing\n                      , Florianopolis, Brazil, 2006, p.48. Florianopolis: Federal University of Santa Catarina."},{"key":"bibr17-2399808319897625","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/b070343"},{"key":"bibr18-2399808319897625","unstructured":"Stiny G, Gips J (1972) Shape grammars and the generative specification of painting and sculpture. In: Petrocelli OR (ed.)\n                      Best Computer Papers of 1971\n                      . Auerbach, Philadelphia, pp.125\u2013135."},{"key":"bibr19-2399808319897625","first-page":"89","volume":"2","author":"Teeling C","year":"1996","journal-title":"Urban Design Studies"},{"key":"bibr20-2399808319897625","unstructured":"United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2015)\n                      A Practical Guide to Designing, Planning and Implementing Citywide Slum Upgrading Programs\n                      . Edited by J Reid, M French and C Acioly Jr. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT."},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr21-2399808319897625.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verniz D, Duarte JP (2017) Santa Marta Urban Grammar: Towards an understanding of the genesis of form. In: ShoCK! - Sharing computational knowledge!","DOI":"10.52842\/conf.ecaade.2017.2.477"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr21-2399808319897625.2","unstructured":"(2) - Proceedings of the 35th eCAADe conference (eds Fioravanti A, Cursi S, Elahmar S, et\u00a0al.), Rome, Italy, 20-22 September 2017, pp.477-484."},{"key":"bibr22-2399808319897625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verniz D, Duarte JP, Oprean D (2018) Understanding the genesis of form in Brazilian informal settlements: Modelling the environment as a preliminary approach to design. 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