{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:15:02Z","timestamp":1777590902428,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Brazilian Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement - Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) Finance Code 001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Stuckeman Center for Design Computing and the Stuckeman School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, The Pennsylvania State University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Designing urban areas that provide smaller distances to their amenities is a key factor toward more walkable environments. Moreover, this is a critical aspect of climate-resilient urban planning since it is broadly assumed that areas with greater walkability discourage automobile usage and reduce CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions. Generative and data-driven design approaches, in turn, increase designers\u2019 ability to explore wider sets of potential solutions. In this sense, identifying designs with an optimized performance out of the vast possibilities that computation can provide is crucial. Shape grammars are a formal method of shape generation that facilitate the elaboration of complex patterns and meaningful designs. This paper hypothesizes that coupling shape grammars with multi-objective optimization can help address trade-offs and decision-making in urban design. It focuses on the pedestrian accessibility and infrastructure cost (as estimated by cumulative street length) trade-off in urban fabrics as a case study to verify the suitability of a grammar-based optimization approach for more dynamic and efficient solution-finding in urban design. Our findings suggest that a grammar-based optimization approach is helpful in addressing urban trade-offs as it could be used to filter the design space and provide optimal alternative fabric layouts with increased pedestrian accessibility and decreased infrastructure cost.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23998083211048496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T02:29:10Z","timestamp":1642645750000},"page":"1489-1506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A grammar-based optimization approach for walkable urban fabrics considering pedestrian accessibility and infrastructure cost"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7501-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando T","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stuckeman Center for Design Computing, The Pennsylvania State University, USA; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Nathan C","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3826-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 P","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stuckeman Center for Design Computing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr58-23998083211048496","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2009.09.009"},{"key":"bibr1-23998083211048496","unstructured":"ARTBA (2021) \u201cHow Much Does it Cost to Build a Mile of Road.\u201d Official Website. 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