{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T18:56:49Z","timestamp":1769367409999,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Earthquake Spectra"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This article extends a recently proposed heterogeneous data assimilation technique for site characterization to estimate compression and shear wave velocity (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      V\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      V\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively) and damping at Treasure Island and Delaney Park downhole arrays. The adopted method is based on the joint inversion of earthquake acceleration time series and experimental surface wave dispersion data and includes physical constraints to improve the inverse problem\u2019s well\u2010posedness. We first use synthetic data at these two sites to refine the proposed approach and then apply the refined algorithm to real datasets available at the Treasure Island and Delaney Park downhole arrays. The joint inversion results show that the estimated\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      V\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      V\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    profiles are in very good agreement with measured profiles at these two sites. Our synthetic and real data experiment results suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      V\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    estimation from inversion at downhole arrays can be improved by integrating the water table depth information or the higher modes of the Rayleigh wave dispersion data. In the last part of this article, we compare the performance of the inverted profiles to other methods used to incorporate spatial variability and wave scattering effects in one\u2010dimensional (1D) ground response analysis (GRA). The comparisons show that the joint inversion\u2010based\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      V\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      V\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    profiles and damping ratios estimated in this article can better integrate the effects of spatial variability and wave scattering into 1D GRAs, especially at the Delaney Park downhole array, which is classified as a poorly modeled site using traditional 1D GRA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/87552930221094060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T02:51:25Z","timestamp":1652151085000},"page":"2398-2421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Site characterization at Treasure Island and Delaney Park downhole arrays by heterogeneous data assimilation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0718-372X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elnaz","family":"Seylabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering University of Nevada Reno Reno NV USA"}]},{"given":"Mohamad M","family":"Hallal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA"}]},{"given":"Brady R","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Utah State University Logan Utah USA"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"1250","article-title":"Insights from California vertical arrays on the effectiveness of ground response analysis with alternative damping models","volume":"109","author":"Afshari K","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6420\/ab1c09"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2005.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-011-9376-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002551"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14509\/2243"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggw282"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"DarendeliMB(2001)Development of a new family of normalized modulus reduction and material damping curves. PhD Thesis University of Texas at Austin Austin TX."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0550020335"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10596-012-9333-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03711-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-007-9034-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","volume-title":"Seismic velocities and geologic logs from borehole measurements at seven strong\u2010motion stations that recorded the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Technical report, open\u2010file report 92\u2010287","author":"Gibbs JF","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Peer NGA\u2010east database","volume":"2014","author":"Goulet CA","year":"2014","journal-title":"PEER Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","unstructured":"GrazeirV ShakelA(2004) Analysis of some of CSMIP strong\u2010motion geotechnical array recordings. In:Proceedings of the international workshop for site selection installation and operation of geotechnical strong\u2010motion arrays. COSMOS. Richmond California. CP\u20102004\/01. pp.145\u2013158."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/8755293020981989"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/8755293020981982"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002774"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0430010017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0266-5611\/29\/4\/045001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0540010431"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","volume-title":"Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering (International Series in Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics)","author":"Kramer SL","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","unstructured":"PassDG(1994)Soil characterization of the deep accelerometer site at Treasure Island San Francisco California. 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