{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:22:03Z","timestamp":1791397323910,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Tropical Medicine &amp; Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,21]],"date-time":"2004-04-21T09:44:10Z","timestamp":1082540650000},"page":"231-249","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":193,"title":["An investigation of persistent microfilaridermias despite multiple treatments with ivermectin, in two onchocerciasis-endemic foci in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Awadzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre (OCRC), Hohoe Hospital, P.O. Box 144, Hohoe, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. A.","family":"Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR)University of Ghana, P.O. Box 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K.; and Division of Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. O.","family":"Opoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre (OCRC), Hohoe Hospital, P.O. Box 144, Hohoe, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. K.","family":"Attah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre (OCRC), Hohoe Hospital, P.O. Box 144, Hohoe, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Y.","family":"Osei-Atweneboana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR)University of Ghana, P.O. Box 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. K.","family":"Lazdins-Helds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, Geneva 27, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. E.","family":"Ardrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. T.","family":"Addy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre (OCRC), Hohoe Hospital, P.O. Box 144, Hohoe, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. T.","family":"Quartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre (OCRC), Hohoe Hospital, P.O. Box 144, Hohoe, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate for Onchocerciasis ControlMinistry of Health, P.O. BoxM-44, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. A.","family":"Boatin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP), P.O. Box 549, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. W.","family":"Soumbey-Alley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP), P.O. Box 549, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00117-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1980.11687330"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Awadzi K. (1993). Drug surveillance: international cooperation past present and future. In Proceedings of the xxvIrh CIOMS Conference eds Bankowski Z. & Dunne J. F. pp. 136-140. Geneva: Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Awadzi K. Hero M. Opoku N. O. Buttner D. W. Coventry P. A. Prime M. A. Orme M.L.E. & Edwards G. (1994). The chemotherapy of oncho-cerciasis. XVII. A clinical evaluation of albendazole in patients with onchocerciasis; effects of food and pretreatment with ivermectin on drug response and pharmacokinetics. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 45 203\u2013208."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"The chemotherapy of oncho-cerciasis. XIX. The clinical and laboratory tolerance of high dose ivermectin","volume":"46","author":"Awadzi K.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Awadzi, K., Opoku, N. O., Addy, E. T. & Quartey, B. T. (1995). The chemotherapy of oncho-cerciasis. XIX. The clinical and laboratory tolerance of high dose ivermectin. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 46, 131\u2013137.","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813141"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90305-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034989859537"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boatin B. A. Hougard J. M. Alley E. S. Akpoboua L. K. Yam\u00e9ogo L. Demb\u00e9l\u00e9 N. S\u00e9k\u00e9t\u00e9li A. & Dadzie K. Y. (1998). The impact of Mectizan on the transmission of onchocerciasis. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 92 (Suppl. 1) S46\u2013S60.","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1998.11813365"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4204(99)80024-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Effect of repeated treatments with ivermectin on the incidence of onchocerciasis in northern Cameroon","volume":"53","author":"Boussinesq M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Boussinesq, M., Chippaux, J. P., Ernould, J. C., Quill\u00e9v\u00e9r\u00e9, D. & Prod'hon, J. (1995). Effect of repeated treatments with ivermectin on the incidence of onchocerciasis in northern Cameroon. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 53, 63\u201367.","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boussinesq M. Prodhon J. & Chippaux J. P. (1997). Onchocerca volvulus: striking decrease in transmission in the Vina valley (Cameroon) after eight annual large scale ivermectin treatments. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91 82\u201386.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90406-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"The effect of ivermectin on the uptake and development of O. volvulus microfilariae in S. damnosum s.l","volume":"59","author":"Chavasse D. C.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chavasse, D. C. & Davies, J. B. (1990). The effect of ivermectin on the uptake and development of O. volvulus microfilariae in S. damnosum s.l. Acta Leidensia, 59, 227\u2013230.","journal-title":"Acta Leidensia"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"256","article-title":"The effect of repeated doses of ivermectin on adult female Onchocerca volvulus in Sierra Leone","volume":"43","author":"Chavasse D. C.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chavasse, D. C., Post, R. J., Lemoh, P. A. & Whitworth, J. A. (1992). The effect of repeated doses of ivermectin on adult female Onchocerca volvulus in Sierra Leone. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 43, 256\u2013262.","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.170"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.189"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards G. Dingsdale A. Helsby N. Orme M.L.E. & Breckenridge A. M. (1988). Relative systemic availability of ivermectin after administration as capsule tablet and oral solution. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 35 681\u2013684.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00637608"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09456-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant W. (2000). What is the real target for ivermectin resistance selection in Onchocerca volvulus? Para-sitology Today 16 458\u2013459.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01804-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-158.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.1996.tb00083.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plaisier A. P. Alley E. S. Boatin B. A. van Oortmarssen G. J. Remme H. de Vlas S. J. Bonneux L. & Habbema J. D.(1995). Irreversible effects of ivermectin on adult parasites in oncho-cerciasis patients in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa. Journal of Infectious Diseases 172 204-210.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.1.204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"428","article-title":"Isolation of living adult Onchocerca volvulus from nodules","volume":"28","author":"Schulz-Key H.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schulz-Key, H., Albiez, E. J. & Buttner, D. W. (1977). Isolation of living adult Onchocerca volvulus from nodules. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie, 28, 428\u2013430.","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Investigations on female Onchocerca volvulus for the evaluation of drug trials","volume":"31","author":"Schulz-Key H.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Schulz-Key, H., Jean, B. & Albiez, E. J. (1980). Investigations on female Onchocerca volvulus for the evaluation of drug trials. Trapenmedizin und Parasitologie, 31, 34\u201340.","journal-title":"Trapenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(93)90136-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"443","article-title":"Onchocerca volvulus: com-parison of field collection methods for the pre-servation of parasite and vector samples for PCR analysis","volume":"75","author":"Toe L.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Toe, L., Back, C., Adjami, A. G., Tang, J. M. & Unnasch, T. R. (1997). Onchocerca volvulus: com-parison of field collection methods for the pre-servation of parasite and vector samples for PCR analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 75,443\u2013447.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90528-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"385","volume-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology","author":"Wirtz H. P.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wirtz, H. P., Raybould, J. N., Boakye, D. A. & Mordzifa, F. (1986). Artificial feeding of West African Simulium damrwsum Theobald s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) on man, domestic mammals and birds. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 37,385\u2013389."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1995). Onchocerciasis and its Control. Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Onchocerciasis Control. Technical Report Series No. 852. Geneva: WHO."}],"container-title":["Annals of Tropical Medicine &amp; Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1179\/000349804225003253","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T15:43:05Z","timestamp":1769701385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1179\/000349804225003253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1179\/000349804225003253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/000349804225003253","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-4983","1364-8594"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-4983","type":"print"},{"value":"1364-8594","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}}}