{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T03:37:54Z","timestamp":1772249874660,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Tropical Medicine &amp; Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"DOI":"10.1179\/136485909x398311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,24]],"date-time":"2009-03-24T21:41:53Z","timestamp":1237930913000},"page":"189-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["An African perspective on\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    : prevalence of human infection, drug resistance, and alternative approaches to treatment"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"N. F.","family":"Tanih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P.M.B. X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Dube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P.M.B. X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P.M.B. X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Mkwetshana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P.M.B. X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P.M.B. X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. M.","family":"Ndip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Box 63, Buea, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. N.","family":"Ndip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P.M.B. X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Box 63, Buea, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori isolates of dyspeptic Nigerian patients","volume":"26","author":"Abdurasheed A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abdurasheed, A., Lawal, O. O., Abioye-kuteyi, E. A. & Lamikanra, A. (2005). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori isolates of dyspeptic Nigerian patients. Journal of Tropical Gastroenterology, 26, 85\u201388.","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"351","article-title":"Update on Helicobacter pylori treatment","volume":"75","author":"Ables A. Z.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ables, A. Z., Simon, I. & Melton, E. R (2007). Update on Helicobacter pylori treatment. American Family Physician, 75, 351\u2013358.","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"143","volume":"3","author":"Aboderin O. A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aboderin, O. A., Abdu, A. R., Odetoyin, B. W., Okeke, I. N., Lawal, O. O., Ndububa, D. A., Agbakwuru, A. E. & Lamikanra, A. (2007). Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori from patients in Ile-Ife, south\u2014west Nigeria. African Health Sciences, 3, 143-147.","journal-title":"Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori from patients in Ile-Ife, south\u2014west Nigeria. African Health Sciences,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/phbi.41.1.22.14692"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01189.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"4117","article-title":"Histopathological profile of gastritis in adult patients seen at a referral hospital in Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Ahmed K.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ahmed, K., Farzana, R., Walter, M., Godfrey, L. & Martin, H. (2007). Histopathological profile of gastritis in adult patients seen at a referral hospital in Kenya. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 14, 4117\u20134121.","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(96)90028-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-5-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"233","volume":"17","author":"Al-Quarashi A. R.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Al-Quarashi, A. R., El-Morsy, F. & Al-Quorain, A. A. (2001). Evolution of metronidazole and tetracycline susceptibility pattern in Helicobacter pylori at a hospital in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 17, 233-236.","journal-title":"Evolution of metronidazole and tetracycline susceptibility pattern in Helicobacter pylori at a hospital in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(99)00051-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(93)90027-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Schistosomes, Liver Flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, 7-14 June 1994","volume":"61","author":"Anon","year":"1994","unstructured":"Anon. (1994). Schistosomes, Liver Flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, 7-14 June 1994. IRAC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 61, 1\u2013241.","journal-title":"IRAC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from adult dyspeptic patients in Tikur Anbassa University Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"42","author":"Asrat D.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Asrat, D., Kassa, E., Mengistu, Y., Nilsson, I. & Wadstrom, T. (2004). Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from adult dyspeptic patients in Tikur Anbassa University Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 42, 79\u201385.","journal-title":"Ethiopian Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Ghanian patients with dyspeptic symptoms referred for upper gastrointest-inal endoscopy","volume":"15","author":"Baako B. N.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baako, B. N. & Darko, R. (1996). Incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Ghanian patients with dyspeptic symptoms referred for upper gastrointest-inal endoscopy. West African Journal of Medicine, 15, 223\u2013227.","journal-title":"West African Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.11.1562"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.04.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"200","article-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in normal or asympto-matic patients","volume":"81","author":"Ben-Ammar A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ben-Ammar, A., Cheikh, I., Kchaou, M., Chouaib, S., Ouerghi, H. & Chaibouni, H. (2003). Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in normal or asympto-matic patients. Tunisie M\u00e9dicale, 81, 200\u2013204.","journal-title":"Tunisie M\u00e9dicale"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v3i4.31182"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2005.00333.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.3.1256-1260.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05502-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Cotton M. C. (1996). Ethnobotany Principles and Applications. New York NY: Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"The Use of Australian Honey in Moist Wound Management. Publication No. W05\/159. Kingston, Australia: Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation.","author":"Davis C","year":"2005","unstructured":"Davis, C. (2005). The Use of Australian Honey in Moist Wound Management. Publication No. W05\/159. Kingston, Australia: Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.11.2657"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.12.3368-3373.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(93)90028-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Diouf A. Martinez-Gomis J. Miguel M. Quesada M. Lario S. & Sixou M. (2009). Comparison of four different primer sets for detection of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsies and oral samples by using real-time PCR. Pathologie-biologie in press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1991.tb01451.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90392-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.165-256.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000239460"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"539","article-title":"Susceptibility of Helkobacter pylori and Candida spp. to the East African plant Tenninalia spinosa","volume":"46","author":"Fabry W.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fabry, W., Okemo, P., Mwatha, W. E., Chhabra, S. C. & Ansorg, R. (1996b). Susceptibility of Helkobacter pylori and Candida spp. to the East African plant Tenninalia spinosa. Arzneimittel Forschung, 46, 539\u2013540.","journal-title":"Arzneimittel Forschung"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"42","volume-title":"Ethnopharmacology and drug development. In Ethnobotany and the Search for New Drugs, Ciba Foundation Symposium 185, pp.","author":"Farnsworth N. R","year":"1994","unstructured":"Farnsworth, N. R. (1994). Ethnopharmacology and drug development. In Ethnobotany and the Search for New Drugs, Ciba Foundation Symposium 185, pp. 42-59. Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"965","article-title":"Medicinal plants in therapy","volume":"63","author":"Farnsworth N. R.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Farnsworth, N. R., Akerele, O. & Bingel, A. S. (1985). Medicinal plants in therapy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 63, 965\u2013981.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.7.2674-2681.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00375-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00707.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Antibacterial honey (Medihoneyfl: in-vitro activity against clinical isolates of MRSA, VRE and other multiresistant Gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"19","author":"George N. M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"George, N. M. & Cutting, K. F. (2007). Antibacterial honey (Medihoneyfl: in-vitro activity against clinical isolates of MRSA, VRE and other multiresistant Gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Wounds, 19, 231\u2013236.","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.9.2996-3000.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.8.3166-3170.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00614-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1224723"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","first-page":"23","volume":"38","author":"Hardin F. J","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hardin, F. J. & Wright, R. A. (2002). Helicobacter pylori: review and update. Hospital Physician, 38, 23-31.","journal-title":"Helicobacter pylori: review and update. Hospital Physician,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90297-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.4.429"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"457","volume-title":"New antimicrobials of plant origin. In Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses, ed.","author":"Iwu M. W.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Iwu, M. W., Duncan, A. R. & Okunji, C. O. (1999). New antimicrobials of plant origin. In Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses, ed. Janick, J. pp. 457-462. Alexandria, VA: American Society for Horticultural Science Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(96)01395-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"5155","volume":"183","author":"Jeong J.-Y","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jeong, J.-Y, Mukhopadhyay, A. K., Akada, J. K., Dailidiene, D., Hoffman, P. S. & Berg, D. E. (2001). Roles of fr,EA and rdxA nitroreductases of Helicobacter pylori in susceptibility and resistance to metronidazole. Journal of Bacteriology, 183, 5155-5162.","journal-title":"Roles of fr,EA and rdxA nitroreductases of Helicobacter pylori in susceptibility and resistance to metronidazole. Journal of Bacteriology,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.1.394-397.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.2.649-653.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.3.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Analysis of metronidazole, clarithromycin and tetracycline resistance of Helicobacter pylori isolates from Korea. Journal of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 47,459-461.","author":"Kim J. J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim, J. J., Reddy, R., Lee, M., Kim, J. G., El Satiric, F. A., Osato, M. S., Graham, D. Y. & Kwon, D. H. (2001). Analysis of metronidazole, clarithromycin and tetracycline resistance of Helicobacter pylori isolates from Korea. Journal of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 47,459-461."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)93196-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2001.09.1019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.7.2646-2647.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318185a74f"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02387-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2005.00341.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.9.2609-2615.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","first-page":"471","volume":"83","author":"Langat A. C.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Langat, A. C., Ogutu, E., Kamenwa, R & Simiyu, D. E. (2006). Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in children less than three years of age in health facilities in Nairobi province. East African Medical Journal, 83, 471-477.","journal-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in children less than three years of age in health facilities in Nairobi province. East African Medical Journal,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Honey in wound care: effects, clinical application and patient benefit. British Journal of Nursing, 17 (Suppl.), S30-S36.","author":"Lay-flurrie K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lay-flurrie, K. (2008). Honey in wound care: effects, clinical application and patient benefit. British Journal of Nursing, 17 (Suppl.), S30-S36."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","first-page":"812S","volume":"137","author":"Lesbros-Pantoflickova D.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lesbros-Pantoflickova, D., Corth\u00e9sy-Theulaz, I. & Blum, L. A. (2007). Helicobacter pylori and probiotics. Journal of Nutrition, 137, 812S-818S.","journal-title":"Helicobacter pylori and probiotics. Journal of Nutrition,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(87)90035-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","first-page":"600","volume":"9","author":"Loffeld R. J. L. F","year":"2003","unstructured":"Loffeld, R. J. L. F. & Fijen, C. A. P. M. J. (2003). Anti-biotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori: a cross-sectional study in consecutive patients, and relations to ethni-city. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 9, 600-604.","journal-title":"Anti-biotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori: a cross-sectional study in consecutive patients, and relations to ethni-city. Clinical Microbiology and Infection,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7318.920"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","first-page":"603","article-title":"Drug susceptibility pattern of Helicobacter pylori in patients with dyspepsia at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi","volume":"82","author":"Lwai-Lume L.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lwai-Lume, L., Ogutu, E. O., Amayo, E. O. & Kariuki, S. (2005). Drug susceptibility pattern of Helicobacter pylori in patients with dyspepsia at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East African Medical Journal, 82, 603\u2013608.","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.10.4589-4593.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-693X(03)00322-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","author":"Marshall B. J.","unstructured":"Marshall, B. J., Goodwin, C. S., Warren, J. R., Murray, R., Blincow, E. D., Blackboum, S. J., Philips, M., Walters, T. E. & Sanderson, C. R (1988). Prospective double blind trial of duodenal ulcer relapse after eradication of Campylobacter pylori. Lancet, ii, 1437-1442.","journal-title":"1988). Prospective double blind trial of duodenal ulcer relapse after eradication of Campylobacter pylori. Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","author":"Marshall M. J.","unstructured":"Marshall, M. J. & Warren, R. J. (1983). Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium active chronic gastritis. Lancet, i, 1273-1275.","journal-title":"1983). Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium active chronic gastritis. Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","first-page":"256","volume":"57","author":"Mbengue M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mbengue, M., Diouf, M. L., Dangou, J. M., Ka, M. M., Ba-Seck, A., Ndiaye, M. F., Moreire-Diop, T. & Ndiaye, P. D. (1997). Frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection in symptomatic patients in Senegal. M\u00e9decine Tropicale, 57, 256-258.","journal-title":"Frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection in symptomatic patients in Senegal. M\u00e9decine Tropicale,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Transmission of Helicobacter pylori: faecal-oral versus oral-oral route","volume":"9","author":"M\u00e9graud F","year":"1995","unstructured":"M\u00e9graud, F. (1995). Transmission of Helicobacter pylori: faecal-oral versus oral-oral route. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 9, 85\u201391.","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","first-page":"S93\u2013S98","article-title":"How should Helicobacter pylori be diagnosed?","volume":"133","author":"M\u00e9graud F","year":"1997","unstructured":"M\u00e9graud, F. (1997). How should Helicobacter pylori be diagnosed? Gastroenterology, 133, S93\u2013S98.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9graud F. (1998). Epidemiology and mechanism of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter Gastroenterology 115 1278\u20131282.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70101-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.022111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00033-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Management of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"65","author":"Meurer L. N.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Meurer, L. N. & Bower. D. J. (2002). Management of Helicobacter pylori infection. American Family Physician, 65, 7.","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","first-page":"165","volume":"56","author":"Meyer J. J. M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Meyer, J. J. M., Afolayan, A. J., Taylor, M. B. & Erasmus, D. (1997). Antiviral activity of galangdin isolated from the aerial parts of Helichrysium aureo-nitens. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 56, 165-169.","journal-title":"Antiviral activity of galangdin isolated from the aerial parts of Helichrysium aureo-nitens. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","first-page":"913","volume":"95","author":"Miorin P. L","year":"2003","unstructured":"Miorin, P. L, Levy Jr, N. C., Custodio, A. R., Bretz, W. A. & Marcucci, M. C. (2003). Antibacterial activity of honey and propolis from Apis mellifera and Tetragonisca angustula against Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95, 913-920.","journal-title":"Antibacterial activity of honey and propolis from Apis mellifera and Tetragonisca angustula against Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Applied Microbiology,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528909093065"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","first-page":"327","volume":"23","author":"Mohammad F","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mohammad, F. & Mohammad, H. P. (2007). A study on the healing effect of honey on infected open wounds. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 23, 327-329.","journal-title":"A study on the healing effect of honey on infected open wounds. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200401000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","first-page":"483","volume":"12","author":"Nabwera H. M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nabwera, H. M., Nguyen-Van-Tam, J. S., Logan, R. F. & Logan, R. P. (2000). Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Kenyan school children aged 3-15 years and risk factors for infection. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 12, 483-487.","journal-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Kenyan school children aged 3-15 years and risk factors for infection. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/109629603766957022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","first-page":"1516","article-title":"Treatment of wounds with honey. 40 cases","volume":"21","author":"Ndayisaba G.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ndayisaba, G., Bazira, L. & Habonimana, E. (1992). Treatment of wounds with honey. 40 cases. Presse M\u00e9dicale, 21, 1516\u20131518.","journal-title":"Presse M\u00e9dicale"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200305000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01299.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","first-page":"74","volume":"10","author":"Ndip R. N.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ndip, R. N., Dilonga, H. M., Ndip, L. M., Akoachere, J. F. K. & Nk-uo-Akenji, T. (2005). Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates recovered from clinical isolates and environmental samples in Buea, Cameroon: current status on biotyping and antibiogram. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 10, 74-81.","journal-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates recovered from clinical isolates and environmental samples in Buea, Cameroon: current status on biotyping and antibiogram. Tropical Medicine and International Health,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","first-page":"228","volume":"7","author":"Ndip R. N.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ndip, R. N., Malange Takang, A. E., Echakachi, C. M., Malongue, A. Akoachere, J-F. T. K., Ndip, L. M. & Luma, H. N. (2007a). In-vitro antimicrobial activity of selected honeys on clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori. African Health Sciences, 7, 228-231.","journal-title":"In-vitro antimicrobial activity of selected honeys on clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori. African Health Sciences,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.08.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","first-page":"848","volume":"13","author":"Ndip R. N.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ndip, R. N., Malange Takang, A. E., Ojongokpoko, J. E. A., Luma, H., N., Malongue, A., Akoachere, J-F. T. K., Ndip, L. M., MacMillan, M. & Weaver, L. T. (2008). Helicobacter pylori isolates recovered from gastric biop-sies of patients with gastro-duodenal pathologies in Cameroon: current status of antibiograrn. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 13, 848-854.","journal-title":"Helicobacter pylori isolates recovered from gastric biop-sies of patients with gastro-duodenal pathologies in Cameroon: current status of antibiograrn. Tropical Medicine and International Health,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.71.832.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","first-page":"2269","volume":"66","author":"O'Gara E. A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"O'Gara, E. A., Hill, D. J. & Maslin, D. J. (2000). Activities of garlic oil, garlic powder, and their diallyl constituents against Helicobacter pylori. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 2269-2273.","journal-title":"Activities of garlic oil, garlic powder, and their diallyl constituents against Helicobacter pylori. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","first-page":"397","volume":"7","author":"Ogbeche A. K.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ogbeche, A. K., Ajayi, G. O. & Onyeneta, P. (1997). Antibacterial activities of the leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides. Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine, 7, 397-399.","journal-title":"Antibacterial activities of the leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides. Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","first-page":"162","volume":"18","author":"Palmer D. D.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Palmer, D. D., Watson, K. R. & Allen, M. J. (1994). Helicobacter pylori infection and peptic ulcer disease in Cameroon, West Africa. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 18, 162-164.","journal-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and peptic ulcer disease in Cameroon, West Africa. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199110173251603"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2005.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199702000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","first-page":"642","volume":"29","author":"Perez-Perez G. L.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Perez-Perez, G. L., Witskin, S. S., Decker, M. D. & Blaser, M. J. (1991). Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in couples. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 29, 642-644.","journal-title":"Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in couples. Journal of Clinical Microbiology,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","first-page":"763","volume":"32","author":"Pilotto A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pilotto, A., Rassu, M., Leandro, G., Franceschi, M. & di Mario, F. (2000). Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in northeast Italy: a multicentre study. GISU. Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Ulcer. Digestive and Liver Disease, 32, 763-768.","journal-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in northeast Italy: a multicentre study. GISU. Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Ulcer"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1988.tb04081.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90606-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","first-page":"730","volume":"40","author":"Said Essa A.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Said Essa, A., Alaa Eldeen Nouh, M., Mohammed Ghaniarn, N., Graham, D.Y. & Said Sabry, H. (2008). Prevalence of cagA in relation to clinical presentation of Helicobacter pylori infection in Egypt. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 40, 730-733.","journal-title":"Prevalence of cagA in relation to clinical presentation of Helicobacter pylori infection in Egypt. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.8.842"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","first-page":"558","volume":"54","author":"Samie A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Samie, A., Obi, C. L, Barrett, L. J., Powell, S. M. & Guerrant, R. L. (2007). Prevalence of Campylobacter species, Helicobacter pylori and Arcobacter species in stool samples from the Venda region, Limpopo, South Africa: studies using molecular diagnostic methods. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 54, 558-566.","journal-title":"Prevalence of Campylobacter species, Helicobacter pylori and Arcobacter species in stool samples from the Venda region, Limpopo, South Africa: studies using molecular diagnostic methods. Journal of Infectious Diseases,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Determination of tetracyline residues in Greek honey","volume":"4","author":"Saridaki-Papakonstadinou A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saridaki-Papakonstadinou, A., Andredakis, S., Burriel, A. & Tsada, I. (2006). Determination of tetracyline residues in Greek honey. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 4, 33\u201336.","journal-title":"Trakia Journal of Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","volume-title":"Impact of cultivation and gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity: global trends and issues. In Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Satellite Event on the Occasion of the Ninth Regular Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome, 12-13 October 2002, unnumbered. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.","author":"Schippmann U.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schippmann, U., Leaman, D. J. & Cunningham, A. B. (2002). Impact of cultivation and gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity: global trends and issues. In Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Satellite Event on the Occasion of the Ninth Regular Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome, 12-13 October 2002, unnumbered. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","volume-title":"Helicobacter pylori: an African perspective. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 94, 561-565 .","author":"Segal I.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Segal, I., Ally, R. & Mitchell, H. (2001). Helicobacter pylori: an African perspective. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 94, 561-565 ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.83.3.268"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjcn.2004.9.5.12888"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","first-page":"4832","volume":"42","author":"Sherif M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sherif, M., Mohran, Z., Fathy, H., Rockabrand, D. M., Rozmajzi, P. J. & Frenck, R W. (2004). Universal high-level primary metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolated from children in Egypt. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 4832-4834.","journal-title":"Universal high-level primary metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolated from children in Egypt. Journal of Clinical Microbiology,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","volume-title":"Medical honey for wound care C still the 'latest resort'? Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, in press.","author":"Simon A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Simon, A., Traynor, K., Santos, K., Blasser, G., Bode, U., Molan, P. (2009). Medical honey for wound care C still the 'latest resort'? Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, in press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","first-page":"1155","article-title":"A focus on honeybees in the tropics","volume":"79","author":"Singh D","year":"2000","unstructured":"Singh, D. (2000). A focus on honeybees in the tropics. Current Science, 79, 1155\u20131157.","journal-title":"Current Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005350170158"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.11.1415"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","unstructured":"Sofowara A. (1993). Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa 4th Edn. Ibadan Nigeria: Spectrum Books."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689408700106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020542"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00378-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92894-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","first-page":"242","volume":"721","author":"Tonks A. J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tonks, A. J., Cooper, R. A., Jones, K. P., Blair, S., Parton, J. & Tonks, A. (2003). Honey stimulates inflammatory cytokine production from monocytes. Cytokine, 721, 242-247.","journal-title":"Honey stimulates inflammatory cytokine production from monocytes. Cytokine,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_1","volume-title":"H. pylori Infection. Chicago, IL: Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University.","author":"Triantafyllopoulou M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Triantafyllopoulou, M. (2006). H. pylori Infection. Chicago, IL: Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_128_1","volume-title":"Antimicrobial activity, toxicity and the isolation of a bioactive compound from plants used to treat sexually transmitted diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 96, 515-519","author":"Tshikalange T. E.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tshikalange, T. E., Meyer, J. J. M. & Hussein, A. A. (2005). Antimicrobial activity, toxicity and the isolation of a bioactive compound from plants used to treat sexually transmitted diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 96, 515-519"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_129_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Endoscopic transmission of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"9","author":"Tytgat G. N","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tytgat, G. N. (1995). Endoscopic transmission of Helicobacter pylori. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 9, 105\u2013110.","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_130_1","first-page":"901","volume":"14","author":"Wang W. H.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wang, W. H., Wong, B. C., Mukhopadhyay, A. K., Berg, D. E., Cho, C. H., Lai, K. C., Hu, W. H., Fung, F. M., Hui, W. M. & Lam, S. K. (2000). High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection with dual resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin in Hong Kong. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 14, 901-910.","journal-title":"High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection with dual resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin in Hong Kong. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_131_1","author":"Warren J. R","unstructured":"Warren, J. R & Marshall, B. J. (1983). Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet, i, 1273-1275.","journal-title":"1983). Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_132_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Notes on the taxonomy of Albinaria of Nisos Dia, Crete (Gastropoda: Clausilfidae)","volume":"19","author":"Welter-Schultes W","year":"1992","unstructured":"Welter-Schultes, W. (1992). Notes on the taxonomy of Albinaria of Nisos Dia, Crete (Gastropoda: Clausilfidae). Biologia Gallo-hellenica, 19, 55\u201361.","journal-title":"Biologia Gallo-hellenica"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/1076629041310019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1999.00605.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_135_1","volume-title":"Report of the Second Meeting of Directors of WHO Collaborating Centres for Traditional Medicine. Document WHO\/TRM\/88.1.","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1987","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1987). Report of the Second Meeting of Directors of WHO Collaborating Centres for Traditional Medicine. Document WHO\/TRM\/88.1. Geneva: WHO."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(97)00464-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005350170044"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011668"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_139_1","first-page":"643","volume":"56","author":"Zaghloul A. A.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zaghloul, A. A., Shattawy, H. H. E., Kassem, A. A., Reddy, I. K. & Khan, M. A. (2001). Honey, a prospective antibiotic: extraction, formulation, and stability. Pharmazie, 56, 643-647.","journal-title":"Honey, a prospective antibiotic: extraction, formulation, and stability. Pharmazie,"}],"container-title":["Annals of Tropical Medicine &amp; Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1179\/136485909X398311","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T15:15:56Z","timestamp":1770909356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1179\/136485909X398311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1179\/136485909X398311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/136485909x398311","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-4983","1364-8594"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-4983","type":"print"},{"value":"1364-8594","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}}}