{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:42:28Z","timestamp":1791916948450,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society of Hematology","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["ashpublications.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Derangement of cellular immunity is central in the pathophysiology of adult autoimmune\/idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Herein we investigated cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of adult chronic ITP patients and attempted to correlate cytokine polarization with the degree of thrombocytopenia. We used semiquantitative reverse-transcriptase\u2013polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to measure the expression of type-1 (interleukin-2 [IL-2], interferon \u03b3 [IFN-\u03b3]) and type-2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-3, IL-13) cytokines by PBMCs from 21 patients and 11 controls. Plasma transforming growth factor \u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). T helper 1 (Th1)\/Th2 ([IL-2 + IFN-\u03b3]\/[IL-4 + IL-5]) cytokine mRNA ratios, thought to reflect the Th deviation of the pathogenic disease-specific T cells, and type-1\/type-2 mRNA ratios, thought to reflect the overall immune response polarization, were significantly increased in ITP patients. The Th1\/Th2 ratio was inversely correlated with platelet counts. TGF-\u03b21 levels appeared suppressed in patients with active disease, though not significantly. Our findings show a clear type-1 cytokine polarization of the autoimmune response in adult ITP that persists irrespective of disease status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-07-2268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,15]],"date-time":"2003-12-15T20:13:31Z","timestamp":1071519211000},"page":"2645-2647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019cm0000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":224,"title":["Adult chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is the manifestation of a type-1 polarized immune response"],"prefix":"10.1182","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Fotios P.","family":"Panitsas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Laboratory Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, and the Hematology Division, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Theodoropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Laboratory Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, and the Hematology Division, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kouraklis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Laboratory Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, and the Hematology Division, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Karakantza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Laboratory Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, and the Hematology Division, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios L.","family":"Theodorou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Laboratory Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, and the Hematology Division, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas C.","family":"Zoumbos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Laboratory Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, and the Hematology Division, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Maniatis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Laboratory Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, and the Hematology Division, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasia","family":"Mouzaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Laboratory Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, and the Hematology Division, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"234","reference":[{"key":"2020021220133981500_REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cines DB, Blanchette VS. 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