{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:17:23Z","timestamp":1792603043026,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society of Hematology","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["ashpublications.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite posttransplantation immunosuppressive therapy, acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a major cause of sickness and death. Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) is implicated in the pathophysiology of GVHD at several steps in the process. Infliximab is a genetically constructed immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) murine\u2013human chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds the soluble subunit and the membrane-bound precursor of TNF-\u03b1, blocking its interaction with receptors and causing lysis of cells that produce TNF-\u03b1. In this study we retrospectively evaluated 134 patients who had steroid-refractory acute GVHD. Of these, 21 who received infliximab as a single agent were analyzed. The overall response rate was 67% (n = 14), and 13 patients (62%) experienced complete response (CR). Five patients (24%) did not respond, and 2 (10%) had progressive GVHD. None had a toxic reaction to infliximab. Ten patients (48%) had 18 fungal infections, including Aspergillus species in 7 and Candida species in 10. Seventeen patients (81%) had bacterial infections, including 32 gram-positive and 8 gram-negative infections. Viral infections, primarily cytomegalovirus reactivation, occurred in 14 patients (67%). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of overall survival was 38%. In conclusion, infliximab was well tolerated and active for the treatment of steroid-resistant acute GVHD, particularly with gastrointestinal tract involvement. Survival after steroid-resistant acute GVHD continues to be problematic. The possibility of excessive fungal and other infections must be explored further.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-12-4241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,13]],"date-time":"2004-04-13T00:13:50Z","timestamp":1081815230000},"page":"649-654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019cm0000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":245,"title":["Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 blockade for the treatment of acute GVHD"],"prefix":"10.1182","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Couriel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rima","family":"Saliba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystal","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Ippoliti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chitra","family":"Hosing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issa","family":"Khouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Borje","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Gajewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Donato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Anderlini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios P.","family":"Kontoyiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agueda","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Giralt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Champlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Division of Hematology\/Oncology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"234","reference":[{"key":"2020021219015482800_REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gajewski J, Champlin R. 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