{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:11:11Z","timestamp":1791202271673,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Society of Hematology","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["ashpublications.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The normal counterpart of the neoplastic B cells in Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is still unclear. Based on immunoglobulin gene rearrangement studies, some authors suggest an origin from germinal center cells and others from memory B cells. However, most of these studies rely on cell lines or on a small series of cases. To help clarify the cell of origin of BL, semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify the VDJ rearrangements of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (VH) genes, and the resultant amplificates were sequenced for comparison with known germline VH segments. The results of this approach revealed that all cases (15 endemic BL [eBL], 10 sporadic BL [sBL], and 6 AIDS-related BL) harbor mutated VH genes, with different mutation ranges among the 3 types of BL. The eBL and AIDS-related forms showed considerably higher mutation rates than the sBL form (5.1%, 5.4%, and 1.5%, respectively). The mutations in eBL and AIDS-related BL also showed signs of antigen selection, whereas no signs of antigen selection were found in sBL. Finally, after subcloning the amplificates, sequence analysis revealed no signs of ongoing mutations in any of the cases analyzed. Given that one of the main differences between eBL and AIDS-related BL on the one hand and sBL on the other hand is the association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), we compared EBV-positive and EBV-negative BLs independently of their geographic origin and HIV status. The differences in the number of somatic mutations and antigen selection were even more evident when this approach was used. According to our molecular results, it appears that EBV-positive and EBV-negative BL may originate from 2 distinct subsets of B cells, pointing to a particular role for the germinal-center reaction in the pathogenesis of these tumors. The different types of C-MYC translocation reported in BL may also be related to the different stages of B-cell maturation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-01-0168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,20]],"date-time":"2005-04-20T00:24:41Z","timestamp":1113956681000},"page":"1031-1036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019cm0000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"title":["Immunoglobulin gene analysis reveals 2 distinct cells of origin for EBV-positive and EBV-negative Burkitt lymphomas"],"prefix":"10.1182","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Bellan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy; Institut fu\u0308r Pathologie, Charite\u0301\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Human Pathology, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya; \u201cL.A. Seragnoli\u201d Haematopathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy; and Hematology, Bice\u0302tre Hospital, INSERM E109 University Paris XI, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Lazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy; Institut fu\u0308r Pathologie, Charite\u0301\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Human Pathology, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya; \u201cL.A. Seragnoli\u201d Haematopathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy; and Hematology, Bice\u0302tre Hospital, INSERM E109 University Paris XI, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy; Institut fu\u0308r Pathologie, Charite\u0301\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Human Pathology, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya; \u201cL.A. Seragnoli\u201d Haematopathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy; and Hematology, Bice\u0302tre Hospital, INSERM E109 University Paris XI, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazzareno","family":"Palummo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy; Institut fu\u0308r Pathologie, Charite\u0301\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Human Pathology, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya; \u201cL.A. Seragnoli\u201d Haematopathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy; and Hematology, Bice\u0302tre Hospital, INSERM E109 University Paris XI, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"de Santi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy; Institut fu\u0308r Pathologie, Charite\u0301\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Human Pathology, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya; \u201cL.A. Seragnoli\u201d Haematopathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy; and Hematology, Bice\u0302tre Hospital, INSERM E109 University Paris XI, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy; Institut fu\u0308r Pathologie, Charite\u0301\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Human Pathology, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya; \u201cL.A. Seragnoli\u201d Haematopathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy; and Hematology, Bice\u0302tre Hospital, INSERM E109 University Paris XI, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Nyagol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy; Institut fu\u0308r Pathologie, Charite\u0301\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Human Pathology, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya; \u201cL.A. Seragnoli\u201d Haematopathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy; and Hematology, Bice\u0302tre Hospital, INSERM E109 University Paris XI, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Sabattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy; Institut fu\u0308r Pathologie, Charite\u0301\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Human Pathology, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya; \u201cL.A. Seragnoli\u201d Haematopathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy; and Hematology, Bice\u0302tre Hospital, INSERM E109 University Paris XI, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Lazure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy; Institut fu\u0308r Pathologie, Charite\u0301\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Human Pathology, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya; \u201cL.A. Seragnoli\u201d Haematopathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy; and Hematology, Bice\u0302tre Hospital, INSERM E109 University Paris XI, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano A.","family":"Pileri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy; Institut fu\u0308r Pathologie, Charite\u0301\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Human Pathology, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya; \u201cL.A. Seragnoli\u201d Haematopathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy; and Hematology, Bice\u0302tre Hospital, INSERM E109 University Paris XI, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Raphael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy; Institut fu\u0308r Pathologie, Charite\u0301\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Human Pathology, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya; \u201cL.A. Seragnoli\u201d Haematopathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy; and Hematology, Bice\u0302tre Hospital, INSERM E109 University Paris XI, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy; Institut fu\u0308r Pathologie, Charite\u0301\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Human Pathology, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya; \u201cL.A. Seragnoli\u201d Haematopathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy; and Hematology, Bice\u0302tre Hospital, INSERM E109 University Paris XI, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Tosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy; Institut fu\u0308r Pathologie, Charite\u0301\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Human Pathology, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya; \u201cL.A. Seragnoli\u201d Haematopathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy; and Hematology, Bice\u0302tre Hospital, INSERM E109 University Paris XI, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Leoncini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy; Institut fu\u0308r Pathologie, Charite\u0301\u2013Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Human Pathology, Nairobi Hospital, Kenya; \u201cL.A. Seragnoli\u201d Haematopathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy; and Hematology, Bice\u0302tre Hospital, INSERM E109 University Paris XI, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"234","reference":[{"key":"2020021223192751800_REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burkitt DP. Sarcoma involving the jaw in African children. 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Translocation of the c-myc gene into the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in human Burkitt lymphoma and murine plasmacytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79: 7837-7841.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.24.7837"},{"key":"2020021223192751800_REF12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cinti C, Leoncini L, Nyongo A, et al. Genetic alterations of the retinoblastoma-related gene RB2\/p130 identify different pathogenetic mechanisms in and among Burkitt's lymphoma subtypes. Am J Pathol. 2000;156: 751-760.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64941-3"},{"key":"2020021223192751800_REF13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindstrom MS, Wiman KG. Role of genetic and epigenetic changes in Burkitt lymphoma. Semin Cancer Biol. 2002;12: 381-387.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1044-579X(02)00058-5"},{"key":"2020021223192751800_REF14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann RB, Jaffe ES, Braylan RC, et al. Non-endemic Burkitts's lymphoma: a B-cell tumor related to germinal centers. 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