{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:45:32Z","timestamp":1791852332092,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"American Society of Hematology","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["ashpublications.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATL) is a highly aggressive T-cell malignancy that arises in a proportion of individuals who are long-term carriers of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1. The median survival of aggressive subtypes is 8 to 10 months; with chemotherapy-based approaches, overall survival has remained largely unchanged in the \u223c35 years since ATL was first described. Through the use of 4 representative case studies, we highlight advances in the biological understanding of ATL and the use of novel therapies such as mogamulizumab, as well as how they are best applied to different subtypes of ATL. We discuss the implementation of molecular methods that may guide diagnosis or treatment, although we accept that these are not universally available. In particular, we acknowledge discrepancies in treatment between different countries, reflecting current drug licensing and the difficulties in making treatment decisions in a rare disease, with limited high-quality clinical trial data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019004045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T22:40:54Z","timestamp":1603147254000},"page":"459-470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019cm0000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["How I treat adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.1182","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8234-5090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy B.","family":"Cook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"National Centre for Human Retrovirology, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne A.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"234","reference":[{"key":"2021012816242891400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects and world distribution of HTLV-1 infection","volume":"3","author":"Gessain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2021012816242891400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00322","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia: a review of epidemiological evidence","volume":"3","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2021012816242891400_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01124","article-title":"Epidemiology of HTLV-1 infection and ATL in Japan: an update","volume":"11","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021012816242891400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32556","article-title":"Epidemiology and survival trend of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma in the United States","volume":"126","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"14","key":"2021012816242891400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-01-824607","article-title":"North American ATLL has a distinct mutational and transcriptional profile and responds to epigenetic therapies","volume":"132","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021012816242891400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017011106","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical features, and outcome of HTLV-1-related ATLL in an area of prevalence in the United States","volume":"2","author":"Malpica","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021012816242891400_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16318","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma in Brazil: a rare disease or rarely diagnosed?","volume":"188","author":"Rosadas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"17","key":"2021012816242891400_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-07-445593","article-title":"HTLV-1\u2013infected T cells contain a single integrated provirus in natural infection","volume":"120","author":"Cook","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"25","key":"2021012816242891400_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-02-553602","article-title":"The role of HTLV-1 clonality, proviral structure, and genomic integration site in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"123","author":"Cook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021012816242891400_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-12-257410","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) proviral load and disease progression in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers: a nationwide prospective study in Japan","volume":"116","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021012816242891400_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15234","article-title":"Can we reduce the incidence of adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma? Cost-effectiveness of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) antenatal screening in the United Kingdom","volume":"184","author":"Malik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012816242891400_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0132","article-title":"Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 viral load variability and long-term trends in asymptomatic carriers and in patients with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1-related diseases","volume":"29","author":"Demontis","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"23","key":"2021012816242891400_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019002665","article-title":"Evolution of retrovirus-infected premalignant T-cell clones prior to adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma diagnosis","volume":"135","author":"Rowan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"23","key":"2021012816242891400_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020005552","article-title":"Predicting the future: adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"135","author":"Ratner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021012816242891400_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1991.tb08051.x","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria and classification of clinical subtypes of adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma. A report from the Lymphoma Study Group (1984-87)","volume":"79","author":"Shimoyama","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2021012816242891400_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-11-316794","article-title":"Type of skin eruption is an independent prognostic indicator for adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"117","author":"Sawada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021012816242891400_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1309\/2YGD1P0QCVCWBLDX","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma in Bahia, Brazil: analysis of prognostic factors in a group of 70 patients","volume":"128","author":"Bittencourt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012816242891400_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12374","article-title":"Meeting report on the possible proposal of an extranodal primary cutaneous variant in the lymphoma type of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma","volume":"41","author":"Tsukasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021012816242891400_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.37.3472","article-title":"Defucosylated anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody (KW-0761) for relapsed adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: a multicenter phase II study","volume":"30","author":"Ishida","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"27","key":"2021012816242891400_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.28.0669","article-title":"Meta-analysis on the use of zidovudine and interferon-alfa in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma showing improved survival in the leukemic subtypes","volume":"28","author":"Bazarbachi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021012816242891400_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2012.069476","article-title":"Pre-morbid human T-lymphotropic virus type I proviral load, rather than percentage of abnormal lymphocytes, is associated with an increased risk of aggressive adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"98","author":"Hodson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021012816242891400_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.18.2428","article-title":"Definition, prognostic factors, treatment, and response criteria of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: a proposal from an international consensus meeting","volume":"27","author":"Tsukasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021012816242891400_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2013.767901","article-title":"18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the staging and prognosis of T cell lymphoma","volume":"54","author":"Casulo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021012816242891400_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1080\/10245332.2017.1312088","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of FDG-PET\/CT for the evaluation of various types of adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"22","author":"Nakachi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021012816242891400_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.00501","article-title":"Revised adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma international consensus meeting report","volume":"37","author":"Cook","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021012816242891400_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19950401)75:7<1598::AID-CNCR2820750708>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Infectious complications and immunodeficiency in patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus I-associated adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"75","author":"White","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012816242891400_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02983215","article-title":"Deoxycoformycin-containing combination chemotherapy for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study (JCOG9109)","volume":"77","author":"Tsukasaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012816242891400_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2001.02737.x","article-title":"A new G-CSF-supported combination chemotherapy, LSG15, for adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study 9303","volume":"113","author":"Yamada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"34","key":"2021012816242891400_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.11.9958","article-title":"VCAP-AMP-VECP compared with biweekly CHOP for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG9801","volume":"25","author":"Tsukasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021012816242891400_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-02-835991","article-title":"CCR4 mutations associated with superior outcome of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma under mogamulizumab treatment","volume":"132","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021012816242891400_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13338","article-title":"Dose-intensified chemotherapy alone or in combination with mogamulizumab in newly diagnosed aggressive adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma: a randomized phase II study","volume":"169","author":"Ishida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021012816242891400_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15123","article-title":"Follow-up of a randomised phase II study of chemotherapy alone or in combination with mogamulizumab in newly diagnosed aggressive adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma: impact on allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"184","author":"Ishida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2021012816242891400_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.21037\/sci.2016.09.13","article-title":"Friend or foe? Mogamulizumab in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"3","author":"Fuji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Investig"},{"issue":"21","key":"2021012816242891400_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5445","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0268","article-title":"CD30 characterizes polylobated lymphocytes and disease progression in HTLV-1\u2013infected individuals","volume":"24","author":"Nakashima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"10168","key":"2021012816242891400_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32984-2","article-title":"Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma (ECHELON-2): a global, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial","volume":"393","author":"Horwitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012816242891400_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2015.265","article-title":"Early application of related SCT might improve clinical outcome in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"51","author":"Fuji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021012816242891400_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2014.143","article-title":"Outcome of patients with HTLV-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma after SCT: a retrospective study by the EBMT LWP","volume":"49","author":"Bazarbachi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"2021012816242891400_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02235","article-title":"Progress in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Utsunomiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021012816242891400_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006030","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006030","article-title":"T cell receptor V\u03b2 staining identifies the malignant clone in adult T cell leukemia and reveals killing of leukemia cells by autologous CD8+ T cells","volume":"12","author":"Rowan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012816242891400_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-020-0513-y","article-title":"Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) as a maintenance therapy for adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"17","author":"Mar\u00e7ais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"2021012816242891400_B61","first-page":"993","article-title":"Mogamulizumab versus investigator choice of chemotherapy regimen in relapsed\/refractory adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume-title":"Haematologica","author":"Phillips","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012816242891400_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-1022","article-title":"Phase II study of alemtuzumab (CAMPATH-1) in patients with HTLV-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"23","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"34","key":"2021012816242891400_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4086","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.67.7732","article-title":"Multicenter phase II study of lenalidomide in relapsed or recurrent adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma: ATLL-002","volume":"34","author":"Ishida","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021012816242891400_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e408","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2016.21","article-title":"Dose-adjusted EPOCH chemotherapy with bortezomib and raltegravir for human T-cell leukemia virus-associated adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma","volume":"6","author":"Ratner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021012816242891400_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12735","article-title":"A phase II study of bortezomib in patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"106","author":"Ishitsuka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021012816242891400_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2011.12.004","article-title":"Phase II study on combination therapy with CHOP-Zenapax for HTLV-1 associated adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATLL)","volume":"36","author":"Ceesay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leukemia Research"},{"issue":"35","key":"2021012816242891400_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4696","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.35.5578","article-title":"Use of zidovudine and interferon alfa with chemotherapy improves survival in both acute and lymphoma subtypes of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"29","author":"Hodson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012816242891400_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4420","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004420","article-title":"Human T cell leukemia virus reactivation with progression of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma","volume":"4","author":"Ratner","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"26","key":"2021012816242891400_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6528","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-03-211821","article-title":"Phase 2 study of the efficacy and safety of the combination of arsenic trioxide, interferon alpha, and zidovudine in newly diagnosed chronic adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATL)","volume":"113","author":"Kchour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012816242891400_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.thj.6200374","article-title":"Phase II trial of arsenic trioxide and alpha interferon in patients with relapsed\/refractory adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"5","author":"Hermine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hematol J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021012816242891400_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-05-2004","article-title":"Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)-specific comorbidity index: a new tool for risk assessment before allogeneic HCT","volume":"106","author":"Sorror","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021012816242891400_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2017.11.005","article-title":"Risk assessment in adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"24","author":"Yoshimitsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012816242891400_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir766","article-title":"Bronchiectasis is associated with human T-lymphotropic virus 1 infection in an Indigenous Australian population","volume":"54","author":"Einsiedel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021012816242891400_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1002-0","article-title":"High prevalence of bronchiectasis is linked to HTLV-1-associated inflammatory disease","volume":"15","author":"Honarbakhsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021012816242891400_B46","first-page":"21","article-title":"Effective maintenance treatment with lenalidomide for a patient with aggressive adult T cell leukemia after chemotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Oka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leuk Res Rep"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2021012816242891400_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199909145950","article-title":"Long-term maintenance combination chemotherapy with OPEC\/MPEC (vincristine or methotrexate, prednisolone, etoposide and cyclophosphamide) or with daily oral etoposide and prednisolone can improve survival and quality of life in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"36","author":"Matsushita","year":"1999","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"issue":"22","key":"2021012816242891400_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-09-242347","article-title":"Long-term study of indolent adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma","volume":"115","author":"Takasaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021012816242891400_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01413-10","article-title":"Integrase inhibitors effective against human T-cell leukemia virus type 1","volume":"55","author":"Seegulam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021012816242891400_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3390\/v3050469","article-title":"Susceptibility of primary HTLV-1 isolates from patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy to reverse transcriptase inhibitors","volume":"3","author":"Macchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012816242891400_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.09.028","article-title":"HTLV-1: persistence and pathogenesis","volume":"435","author":"Cook","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2021012816242891400_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00323","article-title":"The roles of acquired and innate immunity in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-mediated diseases","volume":"3","author":"Kannagi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021012816242891400_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2111","article-title":"Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infectivity and cellular transformation","volume":"7","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"2021012816242891400_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-52","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b1 (IFN-\u03b1) suppresses HTLV-1 gene expression and cell cycling, while IFN-\u03b1 combined with zidovudine induces p53 signaling and apoptosis in HTLV-1-infected cells","volume":"10","author":"Kinpara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021012816242891400_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2016001370","article-title":"Quantification of HTLV-1 reverse transcriptase activity in ATL patients treated with zidovudine and interferon-\u03b1","volume":"1","author":"Macchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021012816242891400_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3390\/v3081374","article-title":"HTLV-1 and innate immunity","volume":"3","author":"Journo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"26","key":"2021012816242891400_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199506293322603","article-title":"Treatment of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma with a combination of interferon alfa and zidovudine","volume":"332","author":"Gill","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021012816242891400_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.thj.6200195","article-title":"A prospective phase II clinical trial with the use of zidovudine and interferon-alpha in the acute and lymphoma forms of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"3","author":"Hermine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hematol J"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2021012816242891400_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3109\/10428190109057927","article-title":"The combination of zidovudine and interferon alpha-2B in the treatment of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"40","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021012816242891400_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-017-2361-7","article-title":"Long-term clinical remission maintained after cessation of zidovudine and interferon-\u03b1 therapy in chronic adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"107","author":"Cook","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"key":"2021012816242891400_B62","first-page":"e566","article-title":"Molecular remissions are observed in chronic adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma in patients treated with mogamulizumab","volume-title":"Haematologica","author":"Cook","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012816242891400_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1002\/acg2.5","article-title":"Pre- and posttransplant use of mogamulizumab in patients with aggressive adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: a statement from key opinion leaders in Japan","volume":"1","author":"Fuji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Cell Gene Ther"},{"issue":"28","key":"2021012816242891400_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.67.8250","article-title":"Pretransplantation Anti-CCR4 antibody mogamulizumab against adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma is associated with significantly increased risks of severe and corticosteroid-refractory graft-versus-host disease, nonrelapse mortality, and overall mortality","volume":"34","author":"Fuji","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021012816242891400_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2016.05.017","article-title":"Mogamulizumab treatment prior to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation induces severe acute graft-versus-host disease","volume":"22","author":"Sugio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021012816242891400_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13343","article-title":"Mogamulizumab for relapsed adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: updated follow-up analysis of phase I and II studies","volume":"108","author":"Ishida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021012816242891400_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb06933.x","article-title":"Satisfactory remission achieved by PUVA therapy in a case of crisis-type adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma with generalized cutaneous leukaemic cell infiltration","volume":"133","author":"Takemori","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012816242891400_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2011.04141.x","article-title":"Cutaneous type adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma successfully treated with narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy","volume":"37","author":"Kudo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021012816242891400_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3415","article-title":"Integrated molecular analysis of adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"47","author":"Kataoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012816242891400_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-01-761874","article-title":"Prognostic relevance of integrated genetic profiling in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"131","author":"Kataoka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"7607","key":"2021012816242891400_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18294","article-title":"Aberrant PD-L1 expression through 3\u2032-UTR disruption in multiple cancers","volume":"534","author":"Kataoka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"17","key":"2021012816242891400_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019001815","article-title":"Genomic landscape of young ATLL patients identifies frequent targetable CD28 fusions","volume":"135","author":"Yoshida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"26","key":"2021012816242891400_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.20.8470","article-title":"Phase II-I-II study of two different doses and schedules of pralatrexate, a high-affinity substrate for the reduced folate carrier, in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma reveals marked activity in T-cell malignancies","volume":"27","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"21","key":"2021012816242891400_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V120.21.2735.2735","article-title":"Pralatrexate in relapsed\/refractory HTLV-1 associated adult T-cell lymphoma\/leukemia: a New York city multi-institutional experience","volume":"120","author":"Lunning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"21","key":"2021012816242891400_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.60.6327","article-title":"Phase II intergroup trial of alisertib in relapsed and refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma and transformed mycosis fungoides: SWOG 1108","volume":"33","author":"Barr","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"23","key":"2021012816242891400_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5113","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V126.23.5113.5113","article-title":"Romidepsin in relapsed\/refractory HTLV-1 associated adult T-cell lymphoma\/leukemia: a case series","volume":"126","author":"Mukhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012816242891400_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.23937\/2469-5696\/1410010","article-title":"Lenalidomide in patients with relapsed or refractory HTLV-1 related adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATLL)","volume":"2","author":"Phillips","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Blood Res Disord"},{"issue":"20","key":"2021012816242891400_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1803181","article-title":"Rapid progression of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma after PD-1 inhibitor therapy","volume":"378","author":"Ratner","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021012816242891400_B82","first-page":"2849","article-title":"Arsenic-interferon-alpha-triggered apoptosis in HTLV-I transformed cells is associated with tax down-regulation and reversal of NF-kappa B activation","volume":"96","author":"El-Sabban","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021012816242891400_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-01-401349","article-title":"Radiation therapy for the management of patients with HTLV-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"120","author":"Simone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2021012816242891400_B88","article-title":"First-in-human study of the EZH1\/2 dual inhibitor DS-3201b in patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphomas \u2013 preliminary results [abstract]","volume":"130","author":"Maruyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2021012816242891400_B89","article-title":"First-in-human study of the EZH1\/2 dual inhibitor valemetostat in relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) \u2013 updated results focusing on adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) [abstract]","volume":"134","author":"Morishima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021012816242891400_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.10.083","article-title":"Targeting excessive EZH1 and EZH2 activities for abnormal histone methylation and transcription network in malignant lymphomas","volume":"29","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021012816242891400_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13302","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of a novel therapeutic vaccine with Tax peptide-pulsed dendritic cells for adult T cell leukaemia\/lymphoma in a pilot study","volume":"169","author":"Suehiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"}],"container-title":["Blood"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ashpublications.org\/blood\/article-pdf\/137\/4\/459\/1798246\/bloodbld2019004045c.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/ashpublications.org\/blood\/article-pdf\/137\/4\/459\/1798246\/bloodbld2019004045c.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T23:02:58Z","timestamp":1669244578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ashpublications.org\/blood\/article\/137\/4\/459\/469694\/How-I-treat-adult-T-cell-leukemia-lymphoma"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019004045","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-4971","1528-0020"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-4971","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-0020","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]}}}